Civil Engineering Works

Mensuration

is a branch of mathematics that deals with measuring lengths, volume, areas.

inches, foot, yard, miles

4 units of english

decimeter, millimeter, centimeter, meter, kilometer

5 metric units

12 inches

how many inches in 1 foot?

3 feet

how many feet in 1 yard?

36 inches

how many inches in 1 yard?

5280 feet

how many feet in 1 mile?

1760 yards

how many yards in 1 mile?

0.1 cm

how many centimeters in 1 mm?

0.001 meter

how many meters in 1 mm?

10 mm

how many millimeters in 1 cm?

0.01 meter

how many meters in 1 cm?

10 cm

how many centimeters in 1 dm?

100 mm

how many millimeters in 1 dm?

0.1 m

how many meters in 1 dm?

10 dm

how many decimeters in 1 meter?

100 cm

how many centimeters in 1 m?

1000 mm

how many millimeters in 1 m?

1000 m

how many meters in 1 km?

3.2808 feet

how many feet in 1 m?

1.0936 yards

how many yards in 1 meter?

0.6213

how many miles in 1 km?

2.54 cm

how many cm in 1 inch?

30.5 cm

how many cm in 1 foot?

1000 ml

how many mL in 1 Liter?

8 pints

how many pints in 1 gallon?

4 quarts

how many quarts in 1 gallon?

128 ounces

how many ounces in 1 gallon?

2 cups

how many cups in 1 pint?

16 ounces

how many ounces in 1 pint?

3.7854 L

how many Liters in 1 gallon?

2.1133 pints

how many pints in 1 Liter?

0.0163 Liters

how many liters in 1 cubic inches?

28.3168 Liters

how many liters in 1 cubic feet?

764.555 Liters

how many Liters in 1 cubic yard?

1000 Liters

how many Liters in 1 cubic meter?

1 Liters

How many liters in 1 cubic decimeter?

0.001 Liters

how many liters in 1 cubic cnetimeters?

0.000001 Liters

how many liters in 1 cubic millimeters?

V = $\pi r^2l$

Formula of a volume of a concrete culvert

V = $\pi r^2h$

Formula of a volume for circular things

A = $s^2$

Formula of an area of a square

A = $\pi r^2$

Formula of an area of a circle

A = L x W

Formula of an area of a rectangle

A = 1/2ab

Formula of an area of a Triangle

1. Measuring Tools

2. Testing / Grading Tools

3. Toothed Cutting Tools

4. Sharp-Edge Cutting Tools

5. Smooth Facing Tools

6. Rough-Facing Tools

7. Sharpening Tools

8. Tightening Tools

9. Fastening Tools

10. Holding Tools

10 Different Classifications of tools

Measuring tape

Measuring distances (height)

Slide Caliper Rule

used to measure diameters of a circle

Protractor

measure angles other than 45 degrees or 90 degrees usually angles like 180 degrees or higher

Try Square

establishing 45 degrees or used in measuring angles particularly windows

used for trying / testing

Plumb Bob

tests if walls are completely straight up and down

Bar Level

used to measure if its on level / the same level as the intended level

Sliding T- bevel

used to verify, inspect and test whether fabricated or assembled non - 90 - degree angles match a required specification or reference standard

Cross-cut Saw

enhanced saw used for cutting wood across the grain

Rip saw

used for cutting along the grain

Hack saw

used for cutting / sawing metals

Miter Saw

used for cutting miter grain and it is 4 inches side

coping saw

used for cutting in a circular direction

Paring chisel

used to shave away paper - thin slices of wood for high precision fitting, cleaning out joints, and fine woodworking.

Forming chisel

make initial rough cuts, chop out heavy waste, and shape timber with the aid of a mallet

Plane

to slice microscopic, continuous curls of wood from a board to flatten, straighten, and polish its surface

Spoke Shape

shape, fair, and smooth irregular, curved, or rounded wooden surfaces

Rabbet Plane

used to shave, smooth, and square or step-like recesses (rabbets) cut along the edges or corners of a workpiece.

Triangular file

sharpening the tip of the blade of a Hack Saw

Oil Stone

Sharpening the tip of the Chisel

Carborundum Stone

Sharpening the edges of cutting tools

Flat File

Sharpening the blade of the bolo, etc.

L - wrenches

used to drive, tighten, and loosen screws and bolts featuring internal six-sided sockets

Carpentry Works

is an art and trade in working carpentry works using wood or timber

Wood

is a fibrous substance that lies between the pitch and bark of a tree

Timber

is a piece of wood w/ a minimum diameter of 5 inches

Carpenter

is a person who is engaging in carpentry works

Rough Carpenter and Finish Carpenter

2 categories of a carpenter

Rough Carpenter

only good at rough carpentry works

Finish Carpenter

very strict with easy carpentry works

Furniture and Cabinet Works, Boat Builder, Wood Carver, Trimmer

4 skills of a Finish Carpenter

Lumber

is the term applied to wood after it has been sawed or sliced into boards, planks, timber, etc.

Rough Lumber

is the term applied to unplaned or undressed lumber.

S2s and S4s

are dressed lumber wherein the number connotes the smooth sides.

Slab

is a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the annual rings running through the full length of the log containing at least one flat surface

Surface or Dressed Lumber

is a planed lumber having at least one smooth sife

Timber

is a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest dimension

Plank

is a wide piece of lumber from 4 to 5 inches thick

Board

is a piece of lumber less than 4 centimeters thick with at least 10 centimeters wide

Flitch

is a thick piece of lumber

Fine Grained

when the annual rings are small, the grain or marking which separates the adjacent rings is said to be ____ ________

Coarse Grained

when the fine grained is large it is called?

Straight Grained

is a term used when the direction of the fibers are nearly parallel with the side and edges of the board

Crooked or Cross Grained

is a lumber taken from a crooked tree

Knots

avoid cutting / slicing

Straight Grained

is the one you should cut / slice

Soaking of Liquid

is the oldest method of seasoning lumber

Ancient roman builders

the soaking of liquid method was introduced and practiced by?

Natural sunlight or air-seasoning process and artificial seasoning

2 methods of seasoning

natural sunlight or air-seasoning process

is considered as one of the best method used in seasoning of wood although the period involved is relatively longer

artificial seasoning

is a process where lumbers are stacked in a drying kiln and then exposed to steam and hot air. Under this method, limber undergoes a quick drying process

Good Seasoning

is the primary consideration for successful preservation in wood

Board Foot

is the unit of measure used in computing the volume of lumber

1 board foot

means 1 square foot by one-inch thick lumber or an equivalent of 144 cubic inches

inches and feet

the width and thickness of commercial lumber are expressed in ______ while the length is in _____ of even number