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Muckrakers
investigative journalists and authors who wrote about social ills and urged the public to take action
Progressivism
a broad movement led by White, middle-class professionals for legal, scientific, managerial, and institutional solutions to the ills of urbanization, industrialization, and corruption
Alice Paul
Sought to expand the scope of NAWSA as well as adopt more direct protest tactics to draw greater media attention
The Anti-Suffragist Movement
A movement whose proponents opposed giving women the right to vote because they believed it to be contrary to nature
Booker T. Washington
An influential African American leader at the outset of the Progressive Era.
W.E.B. DuBois
Emerged as the prominent spokesperson for what would later be dubbed the Niagara Movement
Niagara Movement
a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a "Declaration of Principles" that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
a civil rights organization formed by an interracial coalition including W. E. B. Du Bois and Florence Kelley
Woodrow Wilson's Early Efforts at Foreign Policy
-- Shared the commonly held view, American values were superior to those of the rest of the world, democracy was the best system to promote peace and stability, the US should continue to actively pursue economic markets abroad
-- However, proposed an idealistic foreign policy based on morality, rather than American self-interest, and felt that American interference in another nation's affairs should occur only when the circumstances rose to the level of a moral imperative
-- However, proposed an idealistic foreign policy based on morality, rather than American self-interest, and felt that American interference in another nation's affairs should occur only when the circumstances rose to the level of a moral imperative
Neutrality
Woodrow Wilson's policy of maintaining commercial ties with all belligerents and insisting on open markets throughout Europe during World War I
Lusitania
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German torpedo, resulting in great loss of life
Zimmermann Telegram
The telegram sent from German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador in Mexico, which invited Mexico to fight alongside Germany should the US enter World War I on the side of the Allies
Women in WWI
-- More than 1M women entered the workforce, while more than 8M working women found higher paying jobs, often in industry
-- Many also found employment in what were typically considered male occupations, such as on the railroads, where the number of women tripled, and on assembly lines
-- However, when war ended and men returned, women were fired from their jobs
-- Women from the Women's Land Army of America stepped up to run farms and other agricultural enterprises, as men left for the armed forces
-- Approximately 30,000 American women served in the military, as well as humanitarian organizations, such as the Red Cross and YMCA
African Americans in WWI
-- Black people composed 13 percent of the enlisted military, with 350,000 men serving
-- 171 men from the Harlem Hellfighters received the Legion of Merit for meritorious service in combat
-- Nearly 350,000 African Americans had fled the post-Civil War South for opportunities in northern urban areas
-- Work in the steel, mining, shipbuilding, and automotive industries
-- African American women also sought better employment opportunities beyond their traditional roles as domestic servants
-- Despite opportunities, racism continued to be a major force in both the North and South, resulted in killings
Prohibition
Campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort
Nativism
The rejection of outside influences in favor of local or native customs
Emergency Immigration Act of 1921
An act to limit the immigration of migrants into the United States
Ku Klux Klan
A group that was organized after the Civil war to initiate white supremacy
The 2nd Ku Klux Klan
A nationwide movement that expressed racism, nativism, anti-Semitism, and anti-Catholicism
Scopes Monkey Trial
Trial of John Scopes for teaching evolution in a public school; the trial highlighted the conflict between rural traditionalists and modern urbanites
The "New Woman"
Represented a contemporary, modern understanding of femininity, one that emphasized youth, visibility, and mobility as well as a demand for greater freedom and independence
Flappers
A young, modern woman who embraced the new morality and fashions of the Jazz Age
The Harlem Renaissance
A literary and artistic movement celebrating African American culture