World Civ Final Exam "Starred/Highlighted Terms"

Pope Nicholas V

Supreme head of Christian church and begins the Renaissance Papacy. 1st Renaissance pope. Supported the humanists especially the pagan and invited them to work in court.

Pope Leo X

Another Renaissance pope and considered to be the party pope. Spent a lot of money on entertainment. Underestimated Martin Luther's threat towards him and was later killed. The papal drained because of him.

Abuses in Church

1. Greed at the highest levels of the church apparatus to support ostentatious lifestyles

2\. Heavy papal engagement in international politics, including wars

3\.Pluralism

4\. Bishops' Absenteeism from dioceses

5\. Simony

6\. Nepotism

7\. Violations of vows of strict celibacy

8\.Sale of Indulgences

9\. Moral Ton in Some Monasteries

10\. Excessive charges at times for marriages, baptisms, and burials

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

Most powerful church man in England and was guilty of all kind of abuses in the church. Archbishop of York, powerful government leader, and lord chancellor (referred as a king).

Martin Luther

Spoke out about the abuses of the church, the sale of indulgences. Pope Leo X did this abuse while making the New St. Peter's Basilica and he called him out for it. Nailed 95 theses to the church door in Wittenberg. Debunked Leo's ideas and was held as a prophet.

Martin Luther excommunicated by

Pope Leo X in January 1521.

Martin Luther was sent an invitation from Charles V because

To go before the Diet of Worms and stood strong before them with his beliefs. Pushed scripture was our guide to God not the popes.

Schmalkaldic League

Was made to be for Lutheranism made by the northern German princes.

Schmalkaldic War

Broke out between northern Germany and southern Germany (Holy Roman Empire). Both sides were breaking down and neither was winning.

Peace of Augsburg

Charles V was weary of the Schmalkaldic War and decided to make peace. A key provision - "cuius regio, eius religio," which means "whose the region, his the religion."

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Wrote in Basel, Switzerland by John Calvin. "The tremendous fact of the majesty of God." Centerpiece was God held in Geneva, Switzerland. Consistory used to make people to do proper living.

John Knox

Took Calvinism (Protestantism) to Scotland. Wrote the "Articles of the Presbyterian Church." Calvinism went to France and the followers were called "Huguenots."

Pope Paul III

Made/first convened Council of Trent. Made the reaffirmation of traditional Catholic doctrines.

Reaffirmation of traditional Catholic doctrines

1. justification by faith and works
2. transubstantiation
3. existence of purgatory
4. seven sacraments
5. equal weight to scripture tradition (believed in scripture alone)
6. NO concessions to Protestants but reformed Catholic doctrines

Portugal

Launched the Age of Discovery by Prince Henry the Navigator.

Henry the Navigator

Believed in the Legend of Prester John. Which was believed to have a wealthy kingdom in the heart/center of Africa.

Vasco de Gama

A Portuguese sailor who sailed across to India and made it. Made trade with the Indians but lost so many ships and men (two-thirds).

Christopher Columbus

He was able to reach land over in the West and he thought that he had made it to the far east, this was the New World, some region of North America.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who sailed to Spain and was first to make it. He did the circumnavigation of the globe; discovered the earth was round. Reached southern tip of South America and is known as the "strait of Magellan."

Hernando de Soto

Honored him in the US by naming a car after him. Was named the gov in Florida in 1537. But he went on a journey to Mississippi River and across the river into Arkansas.

Catherine de Medici

Made Edict of January, which let Protestants come out and worship their religion properly.

War of the 3 Henrys

A civil war fought between Catholic Henry of Guise, Catholic King Henry III, and Protestant Henry of Navarre. Henry III was so focused on wanted to destroy Henry of Guise who wanted to be King that they each killed each other, leaving Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) the winner and new king of France.

Henry IV

At the Battle of Ivory, Paris resisted to help him, so he converted to Catholicism to get it. "Paris is well worth a mass."

Massacre of Vassy

Francis, Duke of Guise, led a massacre against the Protestants. This led to civil war.

Duke of Sully

Henry IV told him to revive France and it was his responsibility. Rebuilding of France's structures.

Frederick V

Was king during the battle of White Mountain and lost the battle as well as his crown. He fled after battle and was referred as the "Winter King." Also, an Elector Palatine of the Rhine in the Holy Roman Empire.

Edict of Restitution

Was made by Ferdinand II and thought this was going to win him the war. Declared all Catholic church lands to be secularized were automatically restored back to the Catholic church.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles.

Louis VIII

Led Bourbons with France and crushed the Spanish Habsburg.

Peace of Westphalia

Territorial changes and religious provisions. The signing of 2 treaties between the empire and the new great powers, Sweden and France, and settled the conflicts inside the empire with their guarantees.

Cardinal Mazarin

Was Louis XIV's chief minister when Louis XIV was too young to rule for himself.

The Fronde

Was a civil war that was waged between the parliaments and French nobility against the central government because they saw it as a way to strip them of their power.

3 powerful Islamic states emerged

1. Ottoman Empire, based in Anatolia
2. Safavid Empire, centered in Persia
3. Mughal Empire, rooted in India

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They became known as the Gunpowder Empires, owing to their success with gunpower weapons.

Osman I

Had the title of sultan (king) in the rising state of Ottoman Empire. Settled in Western Anatolia. He waged a slow constant stubborn conflict against the Byzantine Empire.

Mehmet II

Called the "conqueror" and also a sultan. Ends the Eastern Roman Empire and made Constantinople the center of his empire.

Battle of Chaldiran

Ottomans won the battle with cannons and gunpowder. This allowed the Turks to regain their control of eastern Anatolia. Sultan Selim I was great success.

Suleiman I

Also known as Suleiman the Magnificent. Zenith of Ottoman Empire's power. Is a sultan.

Battle of Lepanto

The Spanish and the Vaneshans against the Ottomans. They defeated the Ottomans. This was a devastating defeat, and it ended the Ottoman emperor's role on the Mediterranean Sea they would never have another naval threat again.

Treaty of Karlowitz

The Turks were forced to sign over Hungry and Transylvania.

Defenestration of Prague

Three Catholic officials thrown from a top-floor window of Prague (Hradcany) Castle by an angry mob of Bohemian Protestant activists. This was the start of the war bc the king, Ferdinand II, was ruling but he was Catholic when the king of Bohemia should have been protestant. The king would pick on the protestant nobles.

Battle of Lutzen

1. Military engagement of the 30 years' war in which Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden lost his life.
2. It was fought by the Swedes to help their North German allies against the forces of the Holy Roman emperor, Ferdinand II.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Superintendent of finances/finance minister. Had to balance finances to make sure everything was functioning economically while in war.

Five Great Farms

It was a large terra-free union where people did not have to pay customs. Jean-Baptiste Colbert wanted to benefit the country by doing this.

Marquis de Louvois

Secretary of state for war/war minister. Fought for a strong military force and promoted the aspirations of the king. He was expanding the French army to 400,000.

Construction of the Palace of Versailles

Louis XIV got his inspiration from the Chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte, Nicolas Fouquet, Louis Le Vau, Andre le Notre, and Charles le Brun.

Nicolas Fouquet

Superintendent of finances/finance minister. French finance minister in the early years of the reign of Louis XIV.

Louis Le Vau

Was the first architect to carry out major work on Versailles under King Louis XIV.

Andre Le Notre

French landscape artist who made Versailles his great masterpiece.

Charles Le Brun

First painter to King Louis XIV.