Biology Midterm 1

Ecosystem

space plus the nonliving (abiotic) and living (biotic) factors in that space

Elements

Structurally, they are atoms that can be combined together and allow the resulting substances to have different properties. All substances in the universe are made up of combinations of the same components that come in different varieties. 92 naturally occurring. Physically and chemically unique substances due to the amount of building blocks present.
96% of your body is comprised of 4 macroelements, less then 4% is made up of seven microelements and less than 1% is made of trace elements

Minerals

necessary for certain reactions in the body and also are critical for transporting substances.

Cells

basic unit of life. Must be able to obtain substances such as energy from the outside world. Respond to where nutrients are located and where their mate is located

Organisms

all living things

Cell membrane

organisms cells are separated from the outside world with this barrier

DNA

universal inheritance molecule, dictates characteristics of an organism. Instructs how organisms reproduce.

Sexual reproduction

DNA of each parent is mixed together to produce an offspring.

Asexual reproduction

parent makes a copy of itself. This is also known as cloning.

Ribosomes

instruction production of substances called proteins.

Symbiotic Organisms

species that live in close proximity. Not all interactions are considered symbiotic but all interactions your body has with microbes are considered symbiotic

Biotic Interaction

categories of symbiotic relationships, includes commensalism, mutualism, exploitation, competition.

Commensalism

one species profits from the interaction but the other species is not affected. Ex- barnacle living on oyster shell

Mutualism

advantageous interaction for both organisms. Ex- pets

Exploitation

one organism benefits and the other is damaged. Ex, herbivorism, predation, parasitic (can result in disease)

Competition

the interaction of two or more species is unfavorable to all involved, resulting in reduction of a resource to both species resulting in an expenditure of time and energy to battle the other species.

Photoheterotrophs

use light energy to break down larger organic molecules for own use

Organic Substance

substance that has a carbon and a hydrogen atom

Atoms

make up the universe, quantify atoms based on size and properties

Chemical

Any substance with a known atomic makeup

Biotic Molecule

carbon + hydrogen, C + its friends, All biotic chemicals have at least one carbon-hydrogen bond, Simple

Carbons Friends

Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P) (PHONS)

Abiotic

everything else without C+H, exceptions - diamonds, carbon dioxide, on living things with which you interact. Ex

Hydrophilic

does mix with water (ex

Hydrophobic

does not mix with water (oil)

Abiogenesis

the creation of organic materials from inorganic materials

Miller-Urey experiment

zapped inorganic materials with electricity and it created amino acids, first evidence of abiogenesis

Evolution

change in heritable characteristics in a population over time

Extinction

the complete loss of a species

8 traditional characteristics of life

1. Organized into cells, contained with a membrane, 2. Ability to reproduce, asexual and/or sexual, 3. Responds to stimuli, not all will move, ex, bacteria will produce proteins to make sure it wont freeze when temp drops, 4. Inherits genetic information through DNA, codes for proteins, 5. Growth and development, 6. homeostasis, 7. Acquire and utilize energy ex, eating or photosynthesis, 8. Ability to evolve

Homeostasis

ability for organisms to maintain a consistent internal environment despite external changes

Microbe/microorganism

any organism too small to be seen by the naked eyes, Ex

Biotic aspects of your microbiome

Gut bacteria, bacteria, stomach lining, macronutrients

Abiotic aspects of microbiome

stomach acid, temperature, ph, water, oxygen

LUCA

last universal common ancestor

Organelle

tiny organ life structures in a cell that performs a specific function

Nuclei

area in the center of the cell that holds the DNA

Archaea

another group of single celled prokaryotic microbes. More closely related to us than bacteria. Extremophiles (surviving in extreme environments), apart of human microbe

Eukaryotes

organisms which have nuclei and membrane bound organelles. DNA is compartmentalized into the nucleus

Protists

Protists are eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi. Many are microbes like the Alveolata How Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes interact

MDNA

maternal dna

Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes

decomposers who break down corpses and waste and unlock supplies of carbon, nitrogen and other elements that are essential for life.

Autotrophic Prokaryotes

use co2 to make organic compounds passed up through food chains. Pathogenic Bacteria

Exotoxins

pathogenic bacteria that releases the toxin outside of their cell.

Importance of mutualistic and commensalistic bacteria in your foods

help to increase the levels of microbes that are helpful to your body. The microbiome is the collection of various organisms that live on and in your body. The microbiome is the collection of various organisms that live on and in your body.

Plants

base producers for us regardless of diet. Broken up into spore-producing plants like mosses and ferns

Photoautorephs

all green plants, they need access to light and carbon dioxide and require essential nutrients

Essential Nutrients any substance that is required by an organism to function but that it cannot manufacture itself

Roots

below ground structures whose purpose is to collect water and the plants essential nutrients which include minerals such as phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur. Found in fertilizers. Root veggies are the enlargement of the root of the plants like carrots.

Stem

stalk that provides plants with ability to have access to light. Some contain the process of photosynthesis, turning light energy into chemicals.

Leaves

main photosynthetic structures and contain the pores where carbon dioxide can enter to be made into an organic molecule.

Flowers

hermaphrodites, produce both sperm and egg. Does not need a mate but its best to have one so there is diversity in population.

Hermaphroditic flower

male reproductive organ is stamen, where sperm is produced. Female reproductive structure is the pistil/carpel, which includes an ovary where one or multiple eggs reside. Around the seed, the ovary will ripen.

Bulbs

form in plants that have above ground vegetation that dies, usually because of temperature and light changes.

Photo Stage

creates ATP (adenosine triphosphate), NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), and oxygen gas. Oxygen is a byproduct, not necessary for the reactions of photosynthesis to produce the organic substance. ATP and NADPH are energy carriers made of nucleotides, a type of monomer that makes up your DNA and RNA

Phosphate groups

energizes the reaction allowing it to proceed, needed in all organisms Photosystem

Synthesis Stage

ATP and NADH move to the synthesis reaction in the fluid of the chloroplast, creating a cyclical series of reactions that start with carbon fixation

Carbon FIxation

co2 being incorporated into an organic molecule. The resulting organic molecule is stabilized and energized by NADPH dropping off its electron and ATP donating its phosphate group. ATP recycles original organic molecules to start the cycle again. End result makes sugar Synthesis stage overview

Class 3

Ecological Interactions and Trophism Symbiosis

can interact with each other, can be living in, or on, one another, having a very close association for either a part or entire life cycle

Mutualism

both organisms benefit, increasing the survival and reproduction for both interacting species. Ex

Commensalism

one organism benefits and other is not affected (ex

Competition

when both organisms are harmed during competition for their shared niche (sum total abiotic and biotic needs of a species/population to survive and reproduce). Happens because of limited resources. Competition in agriculture

Intraspecific

interactions between the same species (mating)

Interspecific

interactions between the different species (hyenas and lions competing for food)

Exploitation

when one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

Herbivory

(exploitation) when an organisms feeds on the tissue of plants (ex zebra eats grass) Predation

Parasitism

when one organism lives in or on another organism and causes it hard - pathogens (causing disease), brood parasite (lays its egg in another birds nest outcompeting them, cowbird), tapeworm live inside the digestive system and eat nutrients (exploitation)

Trophism

unrivaled metabolic diversity. Movement of energy, in the form of food, from one organism to another

Autotrophs

organisms that can convert sources of energy into energy stored in organic compounds (producers).

Photoautotrophing

organisms that utilize light (sunlights mostly) to produce organic compounds. Life does not exist without them

Chemoautotrophs

organisms that utilize inorganic compounds/elements to produce organic compounds. Ex, sulfur, ammonia, hydrogen, iron. Mostly found in extremophile bacteria and archeans

Heterotrophs- organisms that ingest organic compounds made by autotrophs or other heterotrophs (consumers). Most heterotrophs use chemical resources to gain energy (chemoautotrophs)

Mixotrophs

nutritional opportunist, which can function as an autotroph or a heterotroph

Food Chain

producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer -> quaternary consumer . flawed diagram because of its simplicity.

Food Web

much more complete and complex view of an ecosystem. Series of interconnected food chains

Energy

quantitative property of a physical system that allows something to do work (ex, heat, light, kinetic, chemical)

Chemical energy

energy stores in molecular bonds, Found in food

Thermal energy

energy of the randomly moving particles which results in temperature, Generated during the metabolic process

Electromagnetic

radiant energy that travels in waves/particles, Used by photosynthetic organisms to make organic compounds

Law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Kinetic energy

energy of movement ex, muscle movement

Potential energy

stored energy that has the potential to do work, can be stored in chemical bond in organic molecules

Calorie

unit of energy. Heat needed to change one liter of water by one degree Celsius. Used to define the energy value of food. The USA used Calorie.

How does life use energy

Growth, Repair, Activity, Reproduction

Energy pyramid

only about 10% of the energy gained makes it to the next level. Ex, producer takes in 100 J of energy from the sun, cricket who eats the grass gets 10 J of energy from the grass

Advantage of eating lower on the pyramid (producers/plants)

Feeds more people, use fewer resources per calorie of food producers, rich in fiber water nutrients minerals (microbiome loves this ), Most animals we eat are primary consumers, and use more resources per calorie, Secondary, tertiary and quaternary consumers are often not consumed

Energy flow

enters the ecosystem often through the sun, moved through the food webs, energy is lost as heat, organisms use energy for many things

Prokaryotes

all single celled organisms, simple cells but play a major role in the survival of all organisms. Bacteria and archaea. lacks a membrane bound nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles. Its DNA is located within cell fluid (cytosol).

Food

nutritious substance that organisms ingest to maintain life

Bacteria

prokaryote, amongst the oldest organisms we know of, nearly everywhere, difficult to quantify the total number or species, heavily impacts health and food

Fermentation

biochemical process that gets energy from carbohydrates that does not require oxygen

Anaerobic

without oxygen

SCOBY

symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast

Lactic Acid Fermentation

takes sugar (glucose) to make lactic acid, done naturally in most organisms to get energy without oxygen. Acid has a naturally sour taste. ex, kefir, fermented vegetables. One of the first forms of chemical reactions harnessed by humans, early cheesemakers.

Lactic Acid Fermentation in the Body

part of many functions in the body, muscles produce lactate as a result of anaerobic metabolism during strenuous exercise. Originally believed to cause soreness and cramping.

Lactobacillus

common fermenting bacteria. Lacto = lactic acid.

Foods from lactic acid fermentation

pickles, yogurt, cheese, sour cream, kimchi, sauerkraut

Streptococcus

causes meningitis, strep, pneumonia, also common fermenting bacteria

Disease

disorder of structure or function in an organism, especially one that has a known cause and a distinctive group of symptoms. Caused in all forms of organisms, virus, bacteria, fungi, protists, animals, plants.