Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids | AP Bio

______ is present in proteins

Sulfer

Lipids lack ____

Polymers

Hydrolysis

Adding water to break a bond

Dehydration Synthesis

Removing water molecules to form a bond

Ribose

• 5 Carbon Sugar

• Found in RNA

• 2nd carbon has oxygen

Deoxyribose

• 5 Carbon Sugar

• Found in DNA

• 2nd carbon does not have oxygen

Difference between Isomers & Stereoisomers

They have different structures but the same empirical formula

Enzyme

• Found in tissue to transport sugar

• Used to break a bond

Starches

• Polysaccharide

• Storage

• Stores sugar in plants

Glycogen

• Polysaccharide

• Storage

• Stores sugar in animals (liver)

Chitin

• Polysaccharide

• Structural

• Modified cellulose

• Found in cell walls of fungi

• Has nitrogen

Cellulose

• Polysaccharide

• Structural

• Found in cell wall

• Can’t be digested by humans if there’s no enzyme

Cellulose Example

Protista microorganisms in termites that break down wood in their bodies

Phospholipids (Lipid)

• Polar head (because of oxygen) and nonpolar tail (because no oxygen)

• Amphipathic

Triglycerides (Lipid)

• Fats

• Nonpolar

• Insoluble in water

• Have fatty acid chains

• ALL other lipids

• Not amphipathic

Cholesterol [Steroid]

• Found in animal cell membranes

• Water impermeability

• Amphipathic

• Testosterone and Estrogen

Polar side of cholesterol aligns with polar head of lipid (vise versa with nonpolar)

• Keeps it fluid and dosen’t allow things in or out

Amphipathic

One side polar & one side non polar

Antiparallel

One strand of DNA does from 5’prime to 3’prime and the other strand goes from 3’prime to 5’prime

Each nucleotide has…

1. 5 Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)

2. Phosphate groups

3. Nitrogen Base

Ananine & Guanine (2 carbon rings, purines) | Cytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA) (1 carbon ring)

Phosphodiester Bond

• Backbone of DNA

• Strong covalent bond that shouldn’t break

• Created by 1st phosphate group & 5th carbon sugar (ends in 3rd carbon sugar OH)

• Hydrogen bonds break so DNA can separate & double

ATP

• Stands for Adenine Tri Phosphate

• 5 Carbon Sugar (ribose)

• Triphosphate group (3 phosphates)

• Nitrogenous base (Adenine)

• Purine

Central Dogma

DNA is transcribed, RNA is copied, copy is sent and protein is created