Nationalism and Unification of Germany and Italy

Anarchist

person who seeks to overturn the established government; advocate of abolishing authority

Kaiser

German emperor

Francis Joseph

Emperor of Austria following Ferdinand's abdication in 1848. Generally out of his time. Responsible for dual-monarchy.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Count Camillo Cavour

Endorsed the economic doctrines of the middle class. Worked for a secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria. Worked to unite Italy.

social welfare

A nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Reichstag

the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Sardinia

southern-most large island in the Tyrrhenian Sea west of Italy

Red Shirts

Nationalistic group/army created and led by Guiseppe Garibaldi to end foreign control of Italy during the 19th century.

Ems Dispatch

A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III which brought France into the Franco Prussian war.

Bourgeois Liberalism

As the dissident elite the Bourgeois wanted reform in France and they had the means to do so

Goals of liberalism, conservatism, and nationalism

Liberalism: Wanted representative governments based on written constitutions

Conservatism: Wanted to return society to the ways things were before 1789

Nationalism: wanted independence or unification

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification.

Process of unification for Germany

"Otto von Bismarck, then Minister President of Prussia, provoked three short, decisive wars against Denmark, Austria, and France, aligning the smaller German states behind Prussia in its defeat of France. In 1871 he unified Germany into a nation-state, forming the German Empire." - BYJU

Process of unification for Italy

Sardinia is involved in the crimean war 1855. Carbour negotiantes with Napoleon III where napoleon pledged to assist Sardinaia if they went to war with Austria. A year later with the French Sardinia would defeat Austria and annexed Lombardy. Several northern states overthrew Austrian rulers and joined Sardinia. Cavour provides weapons to the redshirts for their invasion of silicily. Red shirts take Sicilly and make their way to mainland and liberated naples. Cavor was afrain Garbaldi would establish southern italy and sent troops to deal iwht him. Gabalid gae naples and silicy to king victor Emmaul II

At the end of Austro prussian war Italy recieved Venetia and at the end of the RFranco Prussian war Rome was handed over and became the capital of Italy

Problems with Italian unification

Many Italian citizens felt stronger ties to their local areas rather than the new nation. North and South Italy did not like eachother. North was rich with businesses and strong culture while south was rural and poor with large peasant populations. Italian government and catholic church had lots of hostility. In italy's constitution the upper house had veeto power over the lwoer house

The German Confederation

"was an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe.[1] It was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806." - wikepedia

Frankfurt Assembly

"the first freely elected parliament for all German states, including the German-populated areas of Austria-Hungary," - wikipedia

Kulturkampf

The "battle for civilization" which occurred 1871 to 1878. BIsmark wanted to make catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the Church.

The Hapsburgs

This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary

Problems with a unified Italy

"The problems that were faced during the time of the unification were the Austrian occupation of Lombardy and Venice." - Bartleby

Problems and solutions of a unified Germany

"unemployment rose sharply and industrial output fell by two-thirds in the years after unification." - Britannica