Ap European History Ch-14

Marie and Pierre Curie

Discovered that radium gave off rays of radiation from the atom. Also found that atoms contain electrons and protons.

Max Plank

Believed that radiation was released at an inconstant rate.

Albert Einstein

Known for theory of relativity(ever expanding universe) and special relativity theory(time and space are only observable to living beings)

Friedrich Nietzche

Intellectual who believed that life was ruled by irrational forces.

Henri Bergson

Intellectual who thought reason was not enough to understand the whole idea of reality. It has to be experienced and not solely studied by reason.

Georges Sorel

Socialist theorist that suggested an entire workers strike against capitalism. He also thought that masses can’t self govern.

Sigmund Freud

Created the foundation of psycho analysis by three ideas(Id, Ego, Super Ego)

Id

Center of unconscious drive that’s ruled by pleasure

Ego

Reason of inner life. Ruled by the idea of removing pleasure in order to form together in a society.

Superego

Represents moral values influenced by parents and society

Social Darwinism

Darwin’s theory of species’s evolution applied to society

Herbert Spencer

British philosopher that thought societies evolved by environmental struggles and is restricted by state(applied Social Darwinism).

Volkish thought

Ideal of pure blood German superiority over other races

Anticlericalism

Opposition towards church involvement in politics. People favored Darwin’s teachings over religion.

Ernest Renan

French catholic scholar who wrote “View of Jesus” which denied the idea of Jesus as god son but valued by his teachings and life.

Pope Pius IX

Catholic Pope(1846-1878) who issued the Syllabus of Errors the rejected modern ideals like socialism, nationalism, free speech, religious tolerance, etc

Modernism

Religious movement to adjust Christianity to the new age. Advocated that Christian’s should be social reformers and tied in a close community. Movement rejected by Catholic Church in early 20th C.

Pope Leo XIII(after Pope Pius IX)

Introduced evolution teaching in catholic schools. Focused on improving WC’s conditions against capitalism by protecting private property rights.

Salvation Army(London in 1865)

Founded by William Booth who focused on providing care by food centers, homeless shelters, and rescue homes for women.

Modernism

Effort to reject traditional art and literacy(before 1914).

Naturalism

Literature should explore the reality of social issues by being more realistic(Extension of Realism)

Emile Zola

Naturalist writer who dissected living organisms and showed alcohol’s effect on people.

Leo Tolstoy

Created a realistic play depicting Napoleons invasion of Russia called “ War and Peace”

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Created a book called “Crime and Punishment” that suggested purification by faith and suffering.

Symbolism

Movement that rejected Realism and art being political instead of solely art.

W.B. Yeats

Symbolist poet of the 20th century

Impressionism

French 1870’s movement that focused on improved usage of lighting on objects to create an impression of the world.

Camille Pissarro

Founder of Impressionism who painted by emotion and not traditional rules/lines

Claude Monet

Drew with light and water in a loose artstyle inspired by Impressionism.

Post-Impressionism

1880’s French art movement that focuses on deeper emotion and statements on reality. Art wasn’t as realistic as Impressionism

Paul Cezanne

Artist that rejected Impressionism by breaking down complex objects into simple shapes.

Vincent Van Goh

Post Impressionism artist that is known for making the “Starry Night”. He committed suicide shortly after selling 1 painting.

Pablo Picasso

20th century artist who helped create Cubism. Known for “Les Demoiselles d’ Avignon” and best known for “Guernica”

Cubism

Art style originated in the 20th Century that took reality form and made it viewable in multiple perspectives by geometric shapes.

Abstract painting

Painting without form and structure similar to reality.

Wassily Kandinsky

A founder of abstract painting who is known for the “Square with the White Border”

Edvard Grieg

Norwegian Nationalists who created music to inspire nationalism. Best known for his “Peer Gynt suite”

Claude Debussy

Composer of Impressionism who made the “Pelude to the Afternoon of a Faun” to tell feeling by music

Igor Stravinsky

20th century ballet composer who revolutionized music with the usage of the ballet

Florence Nightingale

Helped turn nursing into an MC profession for women during the Crimean War

Clara Barton

Helped turn nursing into a MC female profession during the American Civil War

Millicent Pankhurst

Founded women’s social and political union(1903). Known for extreme publicity stunts

Suffragette

Title of women in the union given by male politicians. Women in the union desired suffrage hence the name

Maria Montessori(New Women)

First Italian women to get a Medical Degree. Created a new child education system with more freedom

New woman

A woman who breaks from traditional gender roles

Anti-Semitism

Hostility and discrimination toward Jews

Karl Lueger

Mayor of Vienna who led Christian socialists against Jews(Anti Semite)

Pogroms

Mass organized murders of Jew

Zionism

Jewish nationalism movement where Jews desired a new state and refuge in Palestine

Theodor Herzl

Zionist figure who wrote “The Jewish State” that was about how the Jewish will get their own state if desired

Fabian Socialists

Labor movement by intellects that suggested the usage of the right of vote by the working class to control the House of Commons to improve legislation

Labour Party

Formed by Fabian socialists and trade unions. They forced the government to make social reforms or else they would lose the working class support

David Lloyd George

Chancellor of Exchquer who advocated social reforms by making the National Insurance Act(1911) that taxed the wealthy more.

Giovanni Giolitti

Prime minister/Leader of Italy(Early 1900’s)

Transformism

Theory that societies evolve overtime. Turned old political groups into new government coalition groups by bribery

Alfred Dreyfus

Wealthy Jew who was accused of selling army secrets because of Anti-Semitism

Dreyfus Case

Case involving falsely accused Dreyfus and ended with an further advancement of Zionism and Dreyfus Pardoned.

Pan-German league

Nationalist and Anit Semite league

Christian Socialists

Anti Semitic Christian working class party

Magyar

Native name for Hungarians

Sergei Witte(1892-1903)

Minister of Finance in Russia who pushed industrialization to improve Russia by large railroad construction and protective tariffs

Russo-Japanese war

War where Japan beat Russia and left Russia in a state of food shortage and ruin

Bloody Sunday

Peaceful protest at Tsar’s white palace in Saint Petersburg that resulted in soldiers killing the protesters

October manifesto

Issued by Nicholas II allowing civil liberties and a legislative assembly called the Duma

Duma

Legislative assembly created from the October manifesto

Peter Stolypin

Tsar Chief advisor in the new constitutional monarchy who was assassinated. His death resulted in the Duma’s power being curtailed by Tsar Nicholas II

Imperialism

Extending a nations power by imposing control over foreign territories by military or diplomatic means

New lmperialism

European states competed over Asian and African territories for expansion by colonial means and raw materials for industrialization, also driven by white man’s burden.

White Man’s Burden

Europeans obligated to impose their superiority and ideals on different inferior races

Economic Imperialism

Driven by a desire for raw materials overseas for profit and capital

Africa Scramble

European states desired control of individual African states over overall control

Boers/Africakaners

Descendants of Dutch colony who migrated north on Great Trek because they disliked British policies

Great Trek(1835)

Boers went between orange and Vall River. Eventually had to fight Britain for the land they had just migrated to

Cecil Rhodes(1853-1902)

Prime minister of cape colony who support British expansion by conspiring against Boer and lost his title as a result

Boer War(1899-1902)

War between Boer and British that resulted in British victory and Boer citizens and war prisoners sent to concentration camps

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary who desired expansion within central Africa

Henry Stanley

British-American Journalist who focused on Central America and was hired by King Leopold II

King Leopold II

Big driver of Central Africa’s colonization and created International Association of Exploration and civilization of Central Africa

Battle of Omdurman

Sudanese massacred in battle by British and their new machine gun

James Cook(1768-1771)

Explored Australia for gold and slaughtered indigenous species

Sepoys(1858)

Indian troops of the east India company army who revolted but were crushed. As a result queen victoria turned the Indians into her subjects.

Open door policy

A country is not allowed to interfere in another country’s sphere of influence or commerce

Matthew Perry

Commodore of American Navy who forced the Japanese to grant them trading and diplomatic privileges(1853-1854)

Commodore

High rank officer of Navy

Boxer Rebellion(1900-1901)

Large burst of violence against westerners in China. Led by people in the Society of Harmonious Fists

What happened to the Boxer Rebellion

The allied army of France,America,France, Japan,Germany, and Britain went to Beijing to restore order but left China weak after the attack.

Shogun

Powerful hereditary Military governor

Samurai

Noble Warrior

Meiji Restoration

restoration of Japan by adopting western practices in schools and taking military and industrial inspiration from the west

Autocracy

Government where one person holds absolute power

What European country controlled India?

Britain

Sati

Practice in India where a widow sacrifices herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre. Practice was abolished by British(1829)

What was the condition of the people of India in the early 1900’s

They were malnourished and impoverished

Buffer state

Neutral state between two powerful countries that acts to ease tension of both countries

Indian National Congress(1883)

Composed of high class, educated, moderate Indians who desired self government as a result of British violence and racism

What happened to Asian and African Territories as New Imperialism went on?

Most territories were taken over by the early 20th century

What countries remained safe from New Imperialism

Ethiopia, Afghanistan, and Thailand which was a Buffer state for France and Britain

Why did Bismarck Ally with the Austria-Hungary Empire and Russia

He allied with them in case France takes revenge on Prussia for the Franco-Prussian War

3 Emperors League(1873)

Germany, Austria-Hungary Empire, and Russia

Why did Austria want the Balkan’s

They wanted the Balkans for territorial expansion