Ch. 21: The Immune System

Can you label the cause of infection and some structures involved in fighting that infection?

Discharge is one of the cardinal signs of Inflammation.

True

False

False

Which antimicrobial protein triggers inflammation?

histamine

pyrogen

interferon

lysozyme

Histamine

Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

macrophage

dendritic cell

B cell

T cell

T cell

Which molecules of the adaptive defense system provide humoral immunity by circulating freely in the blood and lymph, where they bind to extracellular antigens and inactivate them and mark them for destruction?

interferons

complement proteins

antibodies

antigens

Antibodies

How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence?

by being relatively unresponsive to self-antigens so that they do not attack the body's own cells

by recognizing self-antigen

by being able to recognize their one specific antigen

by rapidly proliferating to form an army of cells exactly like themselves and bearing the same antigen-specific receptors

by being able to recognize their one specific antigen

Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?

tissue repair

fever

T cell activation

opsonization

Opsonization

What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?

pyrogens

complement

opsonins

interferon

Interferon

How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?

Interferons perform opsonization to coat microorganisms.

Interferons encourage the production of antiviral proteins.

Interferons promote fever, or an abnormally high body temperature.

Interferons activate complement.

Interferons encourage the production of antiviral proteins.

What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization?

Neutrophils actively ingest bacteria.

Neutrophils cling to the inner walls of capillaries and postcapillary venules.

Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.

Neutrophils flatten to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls.

Neutrophils and other WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury.

Unless they are attached to protein carriers, haptens have immunogenicity but not reactivity.

True

False

False

Why are children given vaccinations?

in order to see whether the immune system is capable of defense against disease

so that they will develop a primary immune response against various disease-causing pathogens

in order to activate the cell-mediated defense against pathogens

so that they will develop a mild case of a disease in order to prevent a more serious case of the disease later on

So that they will develop a primary immune response against various disease-causing pathogens

Vaccines provide what type of immunity?

naturally acquired passive

artificially acquired passive

artificially acquired active

naturally acquired active

Artificially acquired active

Which of the following occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins?

precipitation

agglutination

complement fixation and activation

neutralization

Neutralization

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?

NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.

NK cells attack transplanted organs.

NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide).

NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells.

NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.

Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral

replication?

complement proteins

interferons

phagocytes

T lymphocytes

Interferons

How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?

The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.

The phagocytes look for the absence of "self" proteins.

All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize.

Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface.

The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.

Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for

phagocytosis?

interferons

natural killer (NK) cells

complement proteins

cytokines

Complement proteins

Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?

natural killer (NK) cells

T cells

antibodies and complement proteins

interferons

Antibodies and complement proteins

Which of the following is NOT a chemical barrier that helps prevent infections?

the pH of the blood

mucus

pH of the urine

tears

The pH of the blood

Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

antigen-presenting cells

all nucleated cells

Antigen-presenting cells

Which class of MHC proteins presents exogenous antigens?

class II MHC proteins

class I MHC proteins

class II MHC proteins

Class I MHC proteins are recognized by which of the following cell types (that are destined to become T cells)?

CD4

CD8

CD8

Which of the following types of cells display protein fragments produced by the cancer within them?

dendritic cells

all nucleated cells

macrophages

B cells

All nucleated cells

Which major class of lymphocytes become cytotoxic T cells?

CD6 cells

CD8 cells

CD4 cells

CD8 cells

When do neutrophils enter the blood from the red bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors?

during leukocytosis

during chemotaxis

during diapedesis

during margination

During leukocytosis

Which of the following is NOT one of the effects produced by the release of inflammatory chemicals?

redness

vasoconstriction

increased access of clotting chemicals

attraction of neutrophils

Vasoconstriction

Which cells secrete histamines that trigger inflammatory pathways?

neutrophils

mast cells

NK cells

macrophages

Mast cells

Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?

antivenoms

antibodies received in breast milk

infection

vaccines

Vaccines

What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?

constant (C) region

variable (V) region

light (L) chain

heavy (H) chain

Constant (C) region

Which of the following phases involves white blood cells leaving capillaries?

diapedesis

leukocytosis

chemotaxis

margination

Diapedesis

Which of the areas seen the figure must be occupied by T lymphocytes, at least for a while, but is NOT required for the production of B lymphocytes?

the thymus

the bone marrow

the general circulation

lymph nodes

The thymus

Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells?

histamine

kinins

prostaglandins

complement

Histamine

Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens?

skin and mucous membranes

inflammation

antimicrobial proteins

complement

Skin and mucous membranes

In certain classes of antibody, the monomeric versions join to form dimers. What portions of the molecules adhere to each other to form these dimers?

the stem regions

variable regions of the light chain

variable regions of the heavy chain

the hinge regions

The stem regions

With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?

defensins

histamine

mucin

opsonins

Opsonins

Which of the following are properly matched?

IgA: first antibody released during primary immune response

IgM: secreted in tears

IgG: most abundant antibody

IgE: main antibody of the secondary immune response

IgG: most abundant antibody

Which of the following cells engulf antigens by phagocytosis and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?

NK cells

T lymphocytes

plasma cells

dendritic cells

Dendritic cells

Which of the following chemicals do NOT directly trigger Inflammation?

prostaglandins

kinins

antibodies

histamines

Antibodies

Which letter represents the formation of a phagolysosome resulting from the fusion of a lysosome with the phagocytic vesicle?

A

B

C

D

C

Which type of chemical induces fever?

antibodies

pyrogens

interferon

complement

Pyrogens

The antivenom used to treat a venomous snake bite is an antibody produced in an animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who was bitten by a venomous snake. How would you classify the resulting humoral immunity?

active immunity, naturally acquired

passive immunity, artificially acquired

active immunity, artificially acquired

passive immunity, naturally acquired

Passive immunity, artificially acquired

Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?

A primary response occurs faster than a secondary response.

A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.

The antibodies produced in a primary response bind to antigens more efficiently than the antibodies produced in a secondary immune response.

A primary response leads to higher levels of antibodies than does a secondary response.

A primary response results when naïve lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.

Which leukocytes are sometimes referred to as "housekeeping" phagocytes because of their role in clearing (cleaning up) cell debris?

basophils

macrophages

lymphocytes

megakaryocytes

Macrophages

What is the most important reason you should not try draining an abscess by pressing on it?

too painful a process to perform

may result in a permanent scar

may spread infection to deeper tissue

releases large amounts of pus/debris

May spread infection to deeper tissue

Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?

edema (swelling)

heat

pain

impaired function

Edema (swelling)

Proliferation of lymphocytes occurs immediately after which of these events?

activation

seeding of secondary lymphoid organs

entering the circulation

release from the bone marrow

Activation

Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?

neutralization

precipitation

complement activation

agglutination

Complement activation

What characterizes flattening of neutrophils to squeeze between the endothelial cells of the capillary walls?

diapedesis

leukocytosis

chemotaxis

margination

Diapedesis

Which of the following should produce naturally acquired active immunity?

drinking breast milk

injections of antibodies produced by a goat

recovering from the chicken pox

getting a flu vaccine

Recovering from the chicken pox

What is/are the specific target(s) of interferons?

the DNA of the cell making the interferon

the DNA of healthy cells

the membrane receptors on healthy cells

the immature viruses in infected cells

The membrane receptors on healthy cells

What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?

regulatory T cell

CD8 cell

memory T cell

CD4 cell

CD4 cell

How many sites on this antibody molecule have potential to bind to a non-self molecule?

1

2

3

4

2

What type of immune system cell performs the most phagocytosis in the

body?

macrophages

B lymphocytes

natural killer, or NK, cells

neutrophils

Macrophages

Health workers working with diphtheria commonly receive a serum with antibodies against the pathogen. What type of immunity would this be?

passive, artificial immunity

passive, natural immunity

active, artificial immunity

active, natural immunity

Passive, artificial immunity

Which of these mechanisms do cytotoxic T (T_C) cells use to destroy a target--that is, to deliver a lethal hit?

producing antibodies

agglutination of target cells

perforation of the membrane

opsonization

Perforation of the membrane

Which of the following statements does not describe the adaptive immune response?

It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.

It is systemic.

It has memory.

It is specific.

It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.