Vitamins

BSHEq

What are the two main subcategories of vitamins?

1. Water-soluble

2. fat-soluble

What are the two water-soluble vitamin categories?

1. Non-B-Complex

2. B- Complex

What are the sub-categories of B-Complex vitamins

1. Energy-releasing

2. Hematopoletic

3. Others

Energy-releasing vitamins (5)

1. Thiamine (b1)

2. Riboflavin (b2)

3. Niacin (B3)

4. Biotin

5. Pantothenic acid (B5)

What are the hematopoletic vitamins? (2)

1. Folic acid

2. Vitamin B12

What are the other B-Complex vitamins (3)

1. Pyridoxine (b6)

2. Pyridoxal

3. Pyridoxamine

What is the Non-B_complex vitamin (1)

Abscorbic acid (vitamin C)

Fat-soluble vitamins (4)

1. vitamin A (retinol, beta-carotine)

2. vitamin d (cholecalciferol)

3. Vitamin K (phylloquinones, menaquinones)

4. Vitamin E (tocopherols)

What is the active form of B1

Thiamine pyrophosphate

TPP

In what reaction does B1 participate in

Energy generating decarboxylation reactions

What is the main deficiency of B1 vitamin

Beriberi

What are the infantile characteristics of beriberi

• tachycardia

• convulsions

• death

What are the adult characteristics of beriberi?

• dry skin

• irritability

• disoriented thinking

• progressive paralysis

What is the main disease causes by B1

Wernike-Korsakoff (alcoholism)

What are the symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff?

• Neurologic-Apathy

• Loss of memory

• ataxia nystagmus

Riboflavin is what vitamin

B2

In what reactions does B2 particpate in?

Electron transfer reactions

What are caused by deficiencies of B2?

• Dermatitis

• Cheilosis

• Glossitis ( smooth purplish tongue)

• Ariboflavinosis

Active forms of vitamin

• Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)

• Flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD)

In what reactions does B2 particpate in?

Electron transfer reactions

Niacin (nicotinic acid) is

B3

Active form of B3

• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)

• Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)

In what reactions does B3 particpate in

Electron transfers

What is the deficiency caused by B3

pellagra

What is B3 used to treat?

Hyperlipidemia- to decrease fat synthesis

High doses of B3 causes

• indigestion or hearburn

• headaches

• flushing

Vitamin B6 active form

Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)

What is B6 involved in

It is a coenzyme involved in AA metabolism

Pyridoxine is

B3

What is the deficiency caused by B6

Deficiency is rare because we can get it from many sources

What can induce a B6 deficiency

Isonaizid treatment- toxicity neurologic symptoms

Biotin B7 particpates in what reactions

Carboxyl group transfer (carboxylation reactions)

What can cause a biotin deficiency and why?

Excessive intake of raw eggwhites because avidin binds biotin

glucose, fatty acid synthesis occurs thanks to

Biotin

Pantothenic Acid is

B5

Active form of B5

coenzyme A

What plays a central role in all metabolic pathways

B5

Does B5 have a dificiency

no

Essential for the citric acid cycle

B5

Symptoms of any B vitamin deficiency

• Nausea

• depression

• anemia

• loss of appetite

• imparied immune system

• severe exhaustion

• neurological disorders

• skin problems

• weight loss

Sources of vitamin A

• Liver

• millk

• butter

• eggs

• yellow-orange vegetables

• fruits

• leafy greens

Vitamin A is very important in

• eye sights

• cell growth

• reproduction (spermatogenesis, prevents fetal reabsorption)

Rentinoids are

vitamin A

Carotenoids is

vitamin A

also antioxidant

Symptoms are vitamin deficiency (4)

• night blindness

• eye damage → blindness

• increased risk of infection

• keratinization

Vitamin A toxicity (6)

• highly toxi in large doses

• loss of appetite

• blurred vision

• dry flaky skin

• teratogenic

• brain damage in infants whose mother consume high levels of vitamin A

Which vitamin is made in the body after sun exposure

vitamin D

What vitamin has a hormone -like function

Vitamin D

Regulates growth procedures and strong bones thanks to

vitamin D

Vitamin D regulates what in the blood

calcium and phosphorous concentrations

Cell differentiation and proliferation due to

vitamin D

sources of vitamin D

fatty fish and fortified cereal

VItamin D deficiency

• Less calcium in bones

• rickets (children)

• Osteomalacia (adults)

vitamin D toxicity

• Most toxic of all vitamins

• loss of appetite

• high serum calcium phosphorous

• calcium deposits in soft tissues

What are the antixoidant vitamins?

• vitamin E

• Vitamin C

• beta-carotene

sources of vitamin E

nuts and seeds; vegetable oils

Vitamin E functions

• prevents oxidative damage to LDL

• revents oxidation of cell membranes (RBC)

What is caused by Vitamin E deficiency

• Rare

• mainly in newborns

• hemolytic anaemia

What are the the two forms of vitamin c

• L-ascorbic acid (major)

• L-dehydroascorbic acid

Functions of vitamin C

• collagen formation

• brain and nerve function

• iron absorption

Vitamin C deficiency leads to

Scurvy connective tissue damage

Folate active form

tetrahydrofolate (THFA)

IN what reactions does folate particpate in

acceptor/ donor of carbon unit

2 functions of folate

AA and nucleotide metabolism & DNA synthesis

Most unstable vitamin

folate

Folate deficiency

anemia

reduction in DNA synthesis resulting in imparied cell division

Functions of B12

cofactor of 2 reactions

Found in animal products

B12

intrinsic factor for uptake in intestine

B12

Vegans, individuals w/ gastrectomy & elderly at risk for

B12

Part of the cobalamin group , colbalt

Vitamin B12

Folate deficiency and nerve system damage causes by

vitamin B12 deficiency

Two forms of vitamin K

K-1 and K-2

Include prothrombin factors II, VII, IX X

vitamin K

Which vitamin cannot be stored

vitamin K

Which vitamin deficiency deficiency is uncommon because produced by intestinal bacteria

K

Vitamin K deficiency causes

• poor blood clotting and haemorrhaging

• this is rare

• newborns may suffer from it and can receive injection

What are the 6 major minerals

1. calcium

2. potassium

3. chloride

4. phosphorus

5. sodium

6. magnesium

8 trace minerals

1. iron

2. flouride

3. selenium

4. manganese

5. zinc

6. cooper

7. iodine

8. chromium

Functions of minerals

1. maintaining osmotic pressure

2. developing strond bones

3. nerve and hormone signaling

4. cofactors for enzymes

5. transportation of oxygens