Cognitive Psych Chapters 9-12 Quiz Study Guide

The basic units of meaning in a language are known as

morphemes

In the sentence, 'Chris called up the psychology professor,' what is the surface structure?

'Chris called up the psychology professor.'

According to Chomsky's approach to language:

Ambiguity arises when a surface structure has two different deep structures.

According to the cognitive-functional approach to language:

The purpose of language is to convey meaning to other people.

According to the good-enough processing approach:

We frequently process only part of a sentence.

Suppose you ask a stranger what time it is, and he produces wordy, nonsensical sentences. You would suppose he has:

Wernicke's aphasia

In contrast to written language, spoken language is especially likely:

To require the use of working memory.

The series of little jumps made by your eyes as they move across a page during reading is called:

Saccadic eye movement

When readers use the direct-access route to recognizing written words:

They recognize a word from the visual stimulus without translating into sound.

The whole-word approach to teaching reading emphasizes that:

Readers directly connect a written word with its meaning.

Saying 'incycled reformation' instead of 'recycled information' is an example of a:

Morpheme error.

How is the concept of gist relevant when you are planning to speak a sentence?

The gist is the overall meaning of a message that we want to convey.

If you give a lengthy description about studying for your last exam, you are producing:

Discourse

Compared to writing, speaking is more likely to:

Use relatively simple syntax

According to the cognitive approach to writing:

People often use the visual part of the visuospatial sketchpad when defining a concrete word.

When revising their papers, first-year college students are more likely to:

Approach the revision phase one sentence at a time.

What can we conclude about the comparison between expert and nonexpert writers?

An expert writer pays more attention to transitions between ideas.

What can we conclude about attitudes and second-language proficiency?

Positive attitudes toward speakers help people learn the language more quickly.

Which is true about bilinguals and attention networks?

Bilinguals' selective attention experience facilitates development of the executive attention network in the frontal lobe.

Which is true about bilingual individuals?

They perform better on concept-formation tasks than monolinguals.

Problem solving makes the most use of which cognitive process?

Transformation of knowledge.

Why is working memory important for solving algebra 'story problems'?

You need to keep the important parts of the problem in mind while solving.

What is a problem with using symbols to represent problems?

People have trouble translating words into the appropriate symbols.

Situated-cognition approach emphasizes:

People often learn to solve a problem in a specific context and cannot easily transfer it.

Why is embodied cognition important for problem solving?

Gestures encourage expression of abstract thoughts.

If Jane solves an anagram by listing all possible letter combinations, she is using:

An algorithm.

When solving problems, people should emphasize:

Structural features of the problem.

In what area are experts and novices most similar?

General memory skills.

Continuing to solve a problem the old way even when a better way exists is an example of:

A mental set.

According to creativity discussions, creative solutions must be:

Novel and useful.

If you are given information and must infer logical consequences, you are engaging in:

Deductive reasoning.

What does research say about conditional reasoning?

The central executive is especially active during conditional reasoning tasks

Drawing conclusions based on whether they match everyday knowledge demonstrates:

The belief-bias effect.

According to research on confirmation bias:

People would rather confirm a hypothesis than disprove it.

Heuristics in decision making:

May become a liability when applied inappropriately

When committing the base-rate fallacy, people:

Pay too little attention to information about relative frequency.

Research on the conjunction fallacy shows:

People sometimes believe that a combination of attributes is more likely than one attribute alone.

Which heuristic is most likely to produce a correct decision?

The recognition heuristic.

Anchoring and adjustment issues arise because:

We rely too heavily on the anchor.

In the hindsight bias:

People overestimate their accuracy for predicting past events.