history midterm

the black plague

the black plague

also known as the black death

reached europe from asia in 1347, had dramatic effects on the asian civilization

carried by rats aboard trade ships, the actual carriers were fleas who attached to rats

first arrived in sicily in 1347, merchant port of messina saw the first cases of the black plague

effects of the plague

decreases population by 30%-50%

increased land value, which increased the wealth of nobility and monarchs religous persecution, many instances of catholic extremism and anti semitism (anti-jew)

some lost faith in the church

people stopped going to church to stop the spread of the plague

family members got abandoned if they were infected

low wage workers demanded more pay for increased responsibilities

renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement that began in Italy in the 14th century, characterized by a revival of interest in art, literature, and learning

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

william shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright created plays such as romeo and juliet considered one of the greatest writers of the English language

johann gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press, invented in 1457

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

petarch

One of Europe's greatest lyric poets, known as the Father of Humanism

Wrote a series of poems called canzonieri early italian writer who wrote in the vernacular

Dante Alighieri

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory, also one of earliest Italian poets to write in vernacular Italian

Giovanni Boccaccio

Early Italian author one of the first to write in the vernacular wrote the decameron

catholic church corruption/ absenteeism/ pluralism/ indulgences

three complaints people had about the roman catholic church in the early 1500s are people thought the pope was involved too much with politics some people said that the priest and bishops werent religous any more and they said the priest didnt know the basic church teachings

goals to reform the catholic church

stop indulgences

get rid of the church hierachy

teach people to read through school

wanted to spread ideas to change the church

martin luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. Actions led to the beginning of the protestant reformation

the inquisition

A church court that tried people for heresy speaking out against church teaching

diet of worms

charles v refused to recant and show up he got excommunicated from the church by the pope he would be outlawed which means he has no rights anymore and he can be killed if seen

peasants’ revolt

series of peasant uprisings in the Holy Roman Empire, driven by social and economic grievances inspired by ideas of Martin Luther settled by peace of augsburg 1555

peace of augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Henry VIII

King of England who broke with the Catholic Church and had parliament declare him supreme head of the church of england

the english reformation

henry viii replaced the pope as head of the church in england because the pope would not annul his marriage to catherine of aragon this caused a bitter divide between catholics and protestants

elizabethan settlement

The attempt by Elizabeth to settle England's religious problems through compromise

john calvin

french theologian pastor and reformer in geneva during the protestant reformation

reformation

when the church of england broke away from the authority of the pope and catholic church

Nicolaus Copernicus:

Mathematician and astronomer who formulated the theory that the sun was the center of the universe not the earth

galileo galilei

this scientist proved Copernicus' theory and developed the modern experimental method. And credited with the construction of a telescope

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion and discovered planetary orbits were elliptical His calculations supported the copernicus heliocentric view.

Francis Bacon

English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method, inductive reasoning and developed the scientific method

Rene Descartes

17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; helped to formalize the scientific method, developed modern rationalism

Isaac Newton

A physicist credited with developing the laws of motion and gravity

Andreas Vesalius

Revolutionized the field of biology and medicine with his dissections of the human body

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Robert Boyle

Chemist who discovered that the volume of gas varies with the pressure exerted 

john locke

advocated for natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, and the social contract where the government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people and Believed citizens could revolt against the government if their natural rights were not being protected 

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a direct democracy

Baron de Montesquieu

advocated for seperation of powers

the people vote for the legislature

monarch led branch which only controls enforcing laws

the monarch would be a limited monarch who is limited by laws

checks and balances

thomas hobbes

English philosopher who believed in absolute monarchy and the social contract, arguing that people are naturally selfish and need a strong government state of nature is a state of constant war citizens give up natural rights for government

voltaire

supported tolerance of religious practice no matter the religion advocated for freedom of religion speech and separation of church and state

adam smith

Believed that an economy was based on supply and demand with little to no government intervention

mary wollstonecraft

Advocated for women's rights mainly through receiving an education could women be equal with men

social contract

Agreement in which individuals give up certain rights to a government in exchange for protection and the promotion of the common good

sovereign

the right and the power of a person or a nation to govern themselves

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

separation of powers

 divides the government into separate branches, each of which has separate and independent powers.

direct democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives

republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

frederick ii

King of Prussia who implemented reforms to modernize the government, military, and economy of his kingdom by simplifying laws and tolerating religious differences

catherine the great

Russian Empress who implemented reforms, granted nobles a charter of rights, criticized the institution of serfdom, abolished torture, and promoted religious tolerance and education

Joseph II

Austrian Emperor who implemented reforms, including the abolition of serfdom and the promotion of religious equality

Louis XIV

Absolute monarch of France known as the Sun King, who centralized power and promoted arts and culture last king before the french revolution reign marked by economic crisis and political unrest made protestant illegal longest reigning monarch forced all huguenots to convert to catholicism example why absolute monarch is not good

five aspects of absolute monarchy

to make laws control religous authorities use armies to expand/cosolidate borders control over the nobility and circumvents ignore or use assembilies to approve or rubber stamp the rulers initiatives

philip ii of spain

King of Spain and ruler of one of the largest empires in the world during the 16th century attempted to expand power of spain centralize the government he sought to limit the spread of protestantism

james i

King of England who believed in absolutism and saw parliament as a bother to him wanted to do whatever he wanted whenever he wanted did not want parliament placing limits on his powers

charles i

King of England who faced opposition from Parliament due to his attempts to fund his government through illegal taxes executed during english civil war tried to continue his fathers ways

english civil war

a series of battles fought between 1642 and 1651 one side was supporters of king charles i the other side supported the parliament led by oliver cromwell resulting in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy

cavaliers

royalist supporters of king charles i

roundheads

the supporters of the parliament of england

oliver cromwell

English statesman and military leader who played a key role in the English Civil War and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England

the commonwealth

the political structure during the period from 1649-1660 when england and wales later along with ireland and scotland were governed as a republic after the end of the second english civil war and the trial and execution of charles i

stuart dynasty

Royal house that ruled Scotland, England, Ireland, and Great Britain during the 17th century age of intense religous debate and radical politics failed due to ill health and medical misadventure

glorious revolution

peacful transfer which parliament assered its rights over the monarchy in 1688 permanently established parliament as the ruling power of england and later the united kingdom representing a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy the establishment of an english nation that limited the power of the king and provided protection for english subjects king james ii abdicated and fled the country

english bill of rights

Legislation that established a constitutional monarchy in England and protected individual rights firmly established the principles of frequent parliaments free elections and freedom of speech within parliament

causes for industrial revolution

A change in the farming fields of western europe farmers expanded on dutch agricultural enclosure increased an energy revolution and the improvement in iron.also the invention of the steam engine using coal for numerous things and the growing population

effects of the industrial revolution

rise of factories change in transportation and communication rise of urban working class urbanization people moved to more rural areas instead urban areas and population grew there growth of labor unions inexpensive new products increased pollution expansion of public education progress in medical care rise of big business

factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building, replaced the domestic system

domestic system

The manufacture of goods in the household setting, a production system that gave way to the factory system because it was less efficient

trade unions

Organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and improve working conditions

bourgeoisie

Middle class, often associated with the industrial middle class during the Industrial Revolution

karl marx

german philosopher condemned the idea of the utopians as unrealistic idealism he created scientific socialism based on a scientific study of history it began the spectre of communism

proletariat

Social class comprising workers who do not own the means of production, according to Marxist theory

communism

a political theory derived from karl marx advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

friedrich engels

German philosopher and collaborator of Karl Marx, co-authoring 'The Communist Manifesto' and contributing to Marxist theory helped define modern communism

steam engine

invented by james watt used to power trains ships and entire factories made it possible to easily work live produce market specialize and viably expand without having to worry about the less abundant presence of waterway

division of labor

Practice of dividing tasks into specialized roles to increase efficiency and productivity

industrial middle class

people who were not abundantly wealthy but who also were not unskilled laborers in a factory barley getting by

simon bolivar

formed venezuela ecuador peru bolivia and gran colombia he wasnt succesful with gran colombia or venezuela country broke apart into smaller nations becuase of internal divisions

gran colombia

formed by simon bolivar revolution aimed to secure independence from spain composed of present day colombia ecuador panama and venezuela led by francisco de paula santader and simon bolivar gran colombia implemented values of liberty equality and pursuit of knowledge in 1821 they abolished slavery

dom pedro

formed independent brazil reforms aimed to promote less political partisanship and forward infrastructure and economic development emperor of brazil

miguel hidalgo

key figure in the mexican war of independence roman catholic priest father of mexican independence greatly influenced by the ideas of the enlightenment and the french revolution

agustin de iturbide

he negotiated the plan de iguala which set the terms under which mexico defined its identity as an independent nation managed to have himself proclaimed by his soliders as emperor agustin i

grito de dolores

father hidalgo presided over the poor rural parish of dolores on 9/15/1810 he rang the church bells summoning the people to prayer they gathered and father hidalgo startled them with the speech “el grito de dolores” this speech called mexicans to fight for independence

empire of mexico

established during the spanish american wars on independence

william i

lead the norman conquest of england first norman king of england

leopold i of belgium

first king of the belgians took a commission in the imperial russian army and fought against napoleon after french troops during the napoleonic wars

charles x

king of frace took away many rights overthrown by the july revolution in 1830 left for exile to england scotland prague and finally istria where he died in 1836

louis philippe

liberals insisted on a constitutional monarchy and chose louis philippe as king the french called him the citizen king because he owed his throne to the people got along with the people and dressed like them he extended suffrage but only to frances wealthier citizens most people still couldnt vote his other policies also favored the middle class at the expense of the workers

louis napoleon

first president of france from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of france as emperor of the french from 1852 european trading partners established modern agriculture which ended famines in france and made the country an agricultural exporter

constitutional monarchy

a form of monarchy where the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions so the monarch has little power

nicholas i

emperor of russia gave support to the economic and political reforms promoted by his prime minister

piotr wysocki

polish captain and leader of the polish conspiracy against russian tsar nicolas

frederick william iv

king of prussia from 1840 until 1861 whose conservative policies helped spark the revolution of 1848 in the aftermath of the failed revolution frederick william followed a reactionary course

franz joseph of austria

emperor of austria he divided his empire into the dual monarchy in which austria and hungary coexisted as equal partners in 1879 he formed an alliance with prussia led germany in 1914 his ultimatum to serbia led austria and germany into world war i

louis kossuth

in budapest hungarian nationalists led by journalist louis kossuth demanded as independent government an end to serfdom and a written constitution to protect basic rights

french estates system

divided society into three estates 1-clergy 2- nobility 3- commoners

maximilien robespierre

led the french revolution leader of jacobins eventually beheaded for going to far

bastille day

the french citizens stormed bastille on 14 july 1879 after the national assembly was formed citizens feared that king louis xvi was going to arrest the new assembly

jacobins club

the members of a democratic club established in1789 angered by the short supplies and high prices of food king was held hostiage for several hours

reign of terror

a period during which there is a lot of violence and killing especially by people who are in a position of power louis xvi executed in janurary 1793

toussaint l’Ouverture

haitian slaves rose up in revolt in 1791 the rebels were lucky enough to find an intelligent and skillfull leader toussaint louverture a self educated former slave even though he was untrained he was a brilliant general and an inspiring commander his army of former slaves faced many enemies fighting took many lives but by 1798 the rebels had achieved their goal slavery was abolished and toussaints forces controlled most of the island

saint domingue

french colony in the western portion of the caribbean island of hispaniola in the area of modern day haiti

sugarcane

major crop in many countries after harvest the crop produces sugar juice and bagasse the fibrous dry matter

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military and political leader who rose to power during the French Revolution and became Emperor of the French invaded russia left no food or supplies for french to pillage