Exam 2-Microbio

Chapters 5-8

Proglottid

Individual reproductive segment of a tapeworm containing eggs.

Roundworms

Unsegmented cylindrical nematodes, many of which are parasitic

Saprobe

Organism feeding on dead or decaying organic matter.

Autotroph

Organism producing its own food via light or chemicals.

Parasite

Organism living on or in a host causing harm.

Monecious

Individual possessing both male and female reproductive organs

Dioecious

Species having distinct male and female individual organisms

Endosymbiotic theory

Concept that eukaryotic organelles originated from engulfed prokaryotes

Nucleus

Stores cell genetic material and activates growth, metabolism and protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Has ribosomes, synthesizes and folds proteins destined for membranes or secretion

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steroids and detoxifies metabolic waste

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies and sorts proteins and lipids from the ER

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, foreign invaders and worn out cell parts

Vacuoles

Membrane bound sacs used for storage of nutrients, water and waster products

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of cell that generates ATP through cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

Found in plants and algae converts light energy into glucose via photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton

A network of microfilaments intermediate filaments, and microtubules that maintain cell shape, secures organelles and helps with movement

Plasma Membrane

Selective phospholipid bilayer that regulates the entry and exit of substance in and out of a cell

Cell Wall

Rigid outer layer that provides structural protection and support0

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Has No nucleus

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Has a nucleus enclosed with a double membrane nuclear envelope

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? No membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Has Membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Circular DNA structure consisting of a single chromosome without histone

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Linear organized into multiple chromosomes wrapped around histone

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Cell size is smaller

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Cell size is large

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Smaller Ribosomes

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Larger

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Reproduce through binary fission

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Reproduce through mitosis and meiosis

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? ALWAYS unicellular (bacteria/archeae)

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? can be unicellular or multicellular (animals, plants, fungi and protists)

Hyphae

Long thread like microscopic filaments that make up the body of a multicellular fungus

Mycelium

A thick, interwoven mass or network composed of many individual hyphae

Spore

A specialized reproductive cell capable of developing into a new fungus structurally adapted for survival and dispersal

Yeast cell

A microscopic single celled eukaryotic fungal organism that is typically round or oval shaped

Budding

The primary method of asexual reproduction where a small bud forms on the parent cell receives a copy of the nucleus, grows, and pinches off

Binary Fission

Less common asexual method where a cell elongates and splits evenly down the center into two equal cells.

Sexual Spores

Under environmental stress, some yeasts undergo sexual reproduction where two haploid cells fuse together to form diploid structures that produce sexual spores

Yeast

Yeast or Mold? Unicellular

Mold

Yeast or Mold? Multicellular

Yeast

Yeast or Mold? Round/oval cell

Mold

Yeast or Mold? Long thread like filaments called hyphae

Yeast

Yeast or Mold? Reproduce asexual budding or fission

Mold

Yeast or Mold? Spore formation

Yeast

Yeast or Mold? Smooth creamy bacterial colonies

Mold

Yeast or Mold? Fuzzy/ hairy colonies

Trophozoite

Active, motile, feeding, and reproducing stage of the protozoan. This form is sensitive to environmental stressors like heat, drying, and stomach acid

Cyst

Dormant, protective, non motile stage. It develops a thick, resistant wall to survive harsh external environments. This is typically the infectious form transmitted from host to host (due to contaminated water/food)

Trichomonas

Common sexually transmitted infection resulting in vaginitis or urethritis. ONLY has trophozoite phase

Plasmodium

The causative agent of malaria. Transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito and multiples inside human liver and RBC

Ameobiasis

A gastrointestinal infection caused by entamoeba histolytica it causes amoebic dysentery aka diarrhea w/ blood n mucus it acquired by ingesting cysts

Egg

Initial stage, often excreted by the host to spread the infection into the environment

Larvae

Immature developmental stage. Larvae undergo several molts and developmental changes often moving through one or more hosts or environments

Adult

Mature, reproductive stage that resides in the definitve host

Virulent Phage

Bacteriophage that strictly reproduces using lytic cycle always ending in the destruction of host bacterial cell

Temperate Phage

Bacteriophage capable of choosing between lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle

Host range

Specific collection of host species or cell types that a particular virus is capable of infecting

Obligate Intracellular Parasite

Organism or biological agent that cannot replicate or complete its life cycle outside of a living host cell (viruses)

Structure of virus

Consists of nucleic acid core DNA/RNA enclosed within a protective protein shell called capsid. Some viruses contain an outer lipid envelope

Taxonomy of virus

Viruses classified based on nucleic acid type, how they reproduce, and structure. Family usually has virdae or virus

Identification of virus

Cytopathic effects observing characteristic structural changes or damage inflicted on host cells under microscope

Identification of virus

Serological test detects viral antigens or host antibodies

Identification of virus

Molecular methods uses PCR to amplify and match specific viral nucleic acid sequences

Lytic cycle

Phage attaches, injects its DNA hijacks the host to manufacture viral parts, assembles new virions, and lyses the cell to release them

Lysogenic cycle

Phage DNA integrates into the host bacterium’s chromosome, becoming a silent prophage. It replicates harmlessly along with bacterial DNA during cell division until environmental trigger induces it to enter the lytic cycle.

Lysogenic Conversion

A phenomenon where a host bacterial cell acquires new genetic traits or properties because it carries a prophage in its genome (producing specific toxin)

Acute Infection

Characterized by a rapid onset of symptoms and short duration. Pathogen is completely cleared by the immune system or causes host death within days or week (influenza)

Latent Infection

Pathogen enters a dormant or inactive stage inside host cells where it replicates little or not and causes no visible symptoms. It can later reactivate and cause active disease. (Herpes)

Persistent Infection

Developed over a long time and lasts for months, years or even lifetime. The virus or bacteria continuously multiples at low levels causing progressive damage (Hepatitis B)

Prions

Infectious particles composed entirely of misfolded proteins with no nucleic acids

Prion diseases

Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Kuru, Bovine Spongiform

Prion acquired

Consuming meat contaminated with infected neural tissue

Viroids

Tiny, circular molecules of naked single stranded RNA that lack a protein coat. STRICTLY infect plants and disrupt normal plant growth

Plant Viruses

Use openings caused by insects or infected seeds/pollen to get in plants

Direct contanct

Humans can be infected with avian or swine flu through respiratory droplets, saliva, mucus or feces of livestock

Antigen Shift

Avian and human influenza viruses the RNA segments swap during assembly it contains the surface proteins of both and can easily bind to human respiratory tracts. WE have 0 preexisting immunity.

ATP

acts as the primary, immediate energy of the cell

ATP made of

Phosphoanhydride bonds between 3 phosphate groups.

Energy Coupling

Cells use exergonic reactions (aka energy releasing catabolism) to drive endergonic reaction (energy required anabolism)

Enzymes

Biological catalysts (mostly protein) that accelerate chemical reactions

Enzyme Mechanism

Lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitors bind directly to the active site blocking the substrate

Non competitive Inhibiton

Inhibitors bind to an allosteric site changing enzymes shape so the substrate no longer fits

Biochemical Pathway

Series of interconnected chemical reactions where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next

Feedback Inhibition

Cellular control mechanism where the end product of a pathway allosterically inhibits the first enzyme in that pathway, halting overproduction

Yes

Does Aerobic require oxygen?

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation? Final Acceptor is Oxygen

Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation? High ATP 32-28

No

Does Anaerobic Respiration require Oxygen?

Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation? Final Acceptor is Inorganic molecules

Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation? ATP production in the middle

No

Does Fermentation require oxygen?

Fermentation

Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation? Final Acceptor is organic molecules pyruvate

Fermentation

Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation? Low ATP 2 ATP

Glycolysis

In Glucose, Out 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

Transition Step

In 2 Pyruvate, Out 2 Acetyl-CoA, 2NADH, 2 CO2

Krebs Cycle

In 2 Acetyl-CoA, Out 4 Co2, 6NADH, 2FADH, 2ATP

ETC

In NADH, FADH2, O2, Out H2O 28-34 ATP