Health Occ bio

What is the order of Hierarchy of life?

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, Biosphere

Characteristics of living things

Made of cells, Use Energy, Homeostasis, Growth and Development, Reproduction and Heredity, Response to environment, Evolution

Order of Linnaean Classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Brief History of Chemistry

~1M years ago (fire), ~3K years ago (metals/pottery/brewing/soap), ~300 years ago (electricity)

Define Matter

Any physical substance that has mass and occupies space

Define Element

A fundamental unit of matter

Describe the bonds made by the 4 common elements

They primarily form covalent bonds; carbon is the backbone of life

Covalent bonds

Bonds made when electrons are shared between atoms

Ionic bonds

Bonds made when an atom loses or gains electrons

Hydrogen bonds

A weak bond between a positive hydrogen atom and a highly negative atom

Why is water polar?

Uneven sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen creates positive and negative ends

Polar molecules

Molecules with one part slightly positive and another part slightly negative

Non polar molecules

Molecule with no charges

Solvent

A chemical in which other molecules dissolve

Solute

A chemical that dissolves

Water Characteristics from H-Bonding

Cohesion, surface tension, adhesion, solvent, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, ice floats

Explain pH (Power of H)

-log [H+], measures H+ concentration; more H+ is acidic, less is basic

Van der Waals attractions

Attractions that occur within or between molecules

What are the functional Groups?

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl

4 major Macromolecules

Polysaccharides, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates; hydrophilic due to hydroxyl groups; base monomer is monosaccharides

How do polymers form from monomers?

Addition (linking directly) and condensation (combining by releasing water)

Proteins

Macromolecules whose building blocks (monomers) are 20 amino acids

Dehydration Reaction

Removal of -OH and -H from molecules to form water and a covalent bond

Function of R-groups?

They drive how the protein folds

Carboxyl Group

Acts as an acid for amino acids

Amino Group

Acts as a base for amino acids

Protein Structures

Primary (strand), Secondary (helix), Tertiary (pleated sheet/polypeptide), Quaternary (4 polypeptide chains)

Denaturation

Loss of folded shape and activity due to pH, temperature, or solute changes

Compare and contrast DNA vs RNA

RNA contains Uracil and is single stranded

3 parts of a nucleotide monomer

A five-carbon sugar (pentose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Who determined the structure of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick

3 forms of RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)

Who first named "cells"?

Robert Hooke named cells after observing cork under a microscope in 1665.

Who was the first to observe living cells/microorganisms?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed living cells, bacteria, and protists.

What did Matthias Schleiden contribute to cell theory?

He concluded that all plants are made of cells.

What did Theodor Schwann contribute to cell theory?

He concluded that all animals are made of cells.

What did Rudolf Virchow contribute to cell theory?

He stated that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

What are the 3 parts of cell theory?

All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from pre-existing cells.

What theory did cell theory replace?

It replaced the idea of spontaneous generation, which claimed living things could arise from nonliving matter.

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A simple cell with no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles.

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What organisms have prokaryotic cells?

Bacteria and Archaea.

What organisms have eukaryotic cells?

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Where is DNA found in a prokaryotic cell?

In the nucleoid region.

Where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?

Inside the nucleus.

What type of DNA do prokaryotes usually have?

Circular DNA.

What type of DNA do eukaryotes usually have?

Linear chromosomes.

What organelle controls cell activities?

The nucleus.

What is the function of the nucleolus?

It makes ribosomes.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes make proteins.

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

An organelle with ribosomes that helps make and fold proteins.

Why does rough ER look rough?

It has ribosomes attached to it.

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

An organelle that makes lipids, detoxifies chemicals, and stores calcium.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

What are vesicles?

Small membrane sacs that transport materials around the cell.

What is the secretory pathway?

The pathway proteins take from ribosomes/rough ER to the Golgi, then to vesicles, then to the cell membrane or outside.

What organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

Nuclear envelope, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.

What is the function of lysosomes?

They digest waste, old cell parts, and large molecules.

What is the function of vacuoles?

They store water, food, waste, and other materials.

What is the central vacuole?

A large plant cell vacuole that stores water and helps maintain pressure.

What is the function of mitochondria?

They make ATP energy through cellular respiration.

What is ATP?

The main energy-carrying molecule used by cells.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

They carry out photosynthesis in plants and algae.

What pigment is found in chloroplasts?

Chlorophyll.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

It controls what enters and leaves the cell.

What is the cytoplasm?

The jelly-like material inside the cell that holds organelles.

What is cytosol?

The fluid part of the cytoplasm.

What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of protein fibers that gives the cell shape, support, and movement.

What are microtubules?

Cytoskeleton fibers that help with cell shape, movement, and chromosome separation.

What are microfilaments?

Thin cytoskeleton fibers that help cells move and change shape.

What are cilia?

Short hairlike structures that help cells move or move fluid past the cell.

What are flagella?

Long whip-like structures used for movement.

What is the cell wall?

A rigid outer layer that supports and protects some cells.

What type of cells have cell walls?

Plants, fungi, bacteria, archaea, and some protists.

What are plant cell walls made of?

Cellulose.

What are fungal cell walls made of?

Chitin.

What are bacterial cell walls usually made of?

Peptidoglycan.

What organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

Chloroplasts, a large central vacuole, and a cell wall.

What structures are common in animal cells but not plant cells?

Centrioles and lysosomes are more common in animal cells.

What is the extracellular matrix?

A structure outside animal cells that provides support and helps cells communicate.

What are plasmodesmata?

Channels between plant cells that allow materials and signals to pass through.

What are gap junctions?

Channels between animal cells that allow communication.

What are tight junctions?

Connections that seal animal cells together to prevent leaking.

What are desmosomes?

Strong connections that hold animal cells together.

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

The idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria engulfed by larger cells.

What does endosymbiotic theory say mitochondria came from?

Aerobic bacteria.

What does endosymbiotic theory say chloroplasts came from?

Photosynthetic bacteria, likely cyanobacteria.

What evidence supports endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA, binary fission, double membranes, and bacteria-like ribosomes.

Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes?

One membrane came from the original bacteria, and the other came from the engulfing host cell.

Why is circular DNA evidence for endosymbiotic theory?

Bacteria have circular DNA, and mitochondria/chloroplasts also have circular DNA.

Why is binary fission evidence for endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide similarly to bacteria.

What are the 3 domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

What are the 6 kingdoms of life?

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

What domain contains Eubacteria?

Bacteria.

What domain contains Archaebacteria?

Archaea.

What domain contains Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia?

Eukarya.

What characteristics are used to place organisms into kingdoms?

Cell type, cell count, cell wall type, nutrition, reproduction, and body organization.

What kingdom includes organisms that are prokaryotic, unicellular, and have peptidoglycan cell walls?

Eubacteria.

What kingdom includes prokaryotes that often live in extreme environments and lack peptidoglycan?

Archaebacteria.