SOCIAL SCIENCE MEET 4

What is sociology

The study of people in groups and society

Who is identified with sociology in the reviewer

Auguste Comte

What central question does sociology ask

How society affects people and how they behave together

What areas of social life does sociology study

Social life and social change and causes and consequences of human behavior

What social structures does sociology investigate

Groups and organizations and societies

What does sociology examine within groups and societies

How people interact

What is the basic difference between psychology and sociology

Psychology looks inside the person while sociology looks around the person

Which discipline focuses more on processes within an individual

Psychology

Which discipline focuses more on society surrounding the individual

Sociology

A researcher studies how neighborhood conditions influence behavior. Which discipline best fits

Sociology

A researcher studies how social institutions shape human behavior. Which discipline best fits

Sociology

What historical event produced major social changes through factories and machines

Industrial Revolution

What characterized the Industrial Revolution

Growth of factories and machines and industrial work

Why is the Industrial Revolution relevant to sociology

It produced major changes in society

A society shifts rapidly from agricultural work to factory labor. Which historical development does this represent

Industrial Revolution

What is Social Darwinism

Applying survival of the fittest to human society

What biological idea was applied to society in Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest

A theory claims that competition between social groups reflects survival of the fittest. What idea is shown

Social Darwinism

What is Comtean Positivism

Studying society scientifically

Who is associated with positivism in sociology

Auguste Comte

What methods does Comtean Positivism emphasize

Observation and evidence and scientific methods

What does positivism reject as the sole basis of understanding society

Opinions and guesses

A sociologist insists that claims about society should be based on observable evidence. Which approach is shown

Positivism

What are the three sociological research approaches in the reviewer

Positivist and interpretivist and normative

What is the main focus of the positivist approach

Facts and measurable evidence

What main question does the positivist approach ask

What is happening

What does a positivist researcher use to study society

Facts and measurements and numbers and observable evidence

What assumption underlies the positivist approach

Social behavior can be studied systematically

A study asks how many students experience bullying. Which approach is being used

Positivist approach

A researcher counts the percentage of households living below the poverty line. Which approach is shown

Positivist approach

Which research approach focuses most strongly on measurable evidence

Positivist approach

What is the main focus of the interpretivist approach

Meaning and personal experience

What main question does the interpretivist approach ask

What does it mean to people

What does an interpretivist researcher try to understand

Meanings and feelings and experiences and viewpoints

Does interpretivism mainly focus on numbers

No

What does interpretivism emphasize instead of numbers

How people understand or experience a situation

A researcher interviews bullied students about how the experience felt. Which approach is shown

Interpretivist approach

A sociologist studies how patients personally experience stigma. Which approach best fits

Interpretivist approach

Which approach is most suitable for understanding subjective meaning

Interpretivist approach

What is the main focus of the normative approach

Values and what should happen

What main question does the normative approach ask

What should be done

What guides normative judgments

Values and beliefs and standards and ideas about what is desirable

What kinds of judgments can normative sociology make

Whether something is good or bad and fair or unfair and right or wrong

A researcher asks what schools should do to prevent bullying. Which approach is shown

Normative approach

A scholar asks whether a social policy is fair. Which approach is shown

Normative approach

Which approach goes beyond describing society and evaluates what ought to happen

Normative approach

What distinguishes positivism from interpretivism

Positivism measures facts while interpretivism examines meaning

What distinguishes positivism from normative sociology

Positivism asks what is happening while normative sociology asks what should happen

What distinguishes interpretivism from normative sociology

Interpretivism explains lived meaning while normative sociology evaluates what ought to be done

A study measures unemployment rates. Which sociological approach best fits

Positivist approach

A study explores how unemployed people interpret their experience. Which approach best fits

Interpretivist approach

A study recommends what government should do about unemployment. Which approach best fits

Normative approach

What is sociological imagination

The ability to connect personal situations with larger social conditions

Who developed the concept of sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills

What two levels does sociological imagination connect

Personal experience and social forces

What is personal experience in sociological imagination

What happens in an individual's life

What are social forces

Larger conditions in society that influence people's lives

What key idea underlies sociological imagination

Personal problems may be connected to larger social problems

A worker believes unemployment is only a personal failure but later recognizes a nationwide recession. Which concept is being applied

Sociological imagination

A student connects academic stress with broader pressures in the education system. Which concept is shown

Sociological imagination

Why is sociological imagination useful

It links individual experiences to social conditions

Which sociological perspective focuses on society working together

Functionalism

Which sociological perspective focuses on inequality and power

Conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective focuses on everyday interaction

Symbolic interactionism

What keyword is associated with functionalism

Function

What keyword is associated with conflict theory

Power

What keyword is associated with symbolic interactionism

Meaning

How does functionalism view society

As parts that cooperate

How does conflict theory view society

As groups that compete

How does symbolic interactionism view society

As people interacting

What is the main concern of functionalism

Stability and order

What is the main concern of conflict theory

Conflict and inequality

What is the main concern of symbolic interactionism

Symbols and meaning

What level does functionalism usually examine

Bigger society

What level does conflict theory usually examine

Bigger society

What level does symbolic interactionism usually examine

Smaller interactions

Which perspective is most likely to ask how institutions contribute to social stability

Functionalism

Which perspective is most likely to ask who benefits from unequal social arrangements

Conflict perspective

Which perspective is most likely to study the meaning of gestures in conversation

Symbolic interactionism

What is functionalism

A perspective that sees each component of society as having a function

Who is associated with functionalism in the reviewer

Émile Durkheim

How does functionalism describe society

An interdependent system

According to functionalism how are social institutions related

Each depends on others and contributes to the whole

What does interdependence mean in functionalism

Parts of society rely on one another

A sociologist studies how education supports the functioning of society. Which perspective is shown

Functionalism

A sociologist argues that families schools and governments depend on one another. Which perspective fits

Functionalism

What is social consensus

Agreement and cooperation among members of society

What is the purpose of social consensus according to functionalism

To achieve what is best for society

A community maintains order because members share basic values. Which functionalist idea is shown

Social consensus

What is mechanical solidarity

Unity based on shared beliefs and values and common social bonds

In what kind of society is mechanical solidarity found

Traditional societies

What creates cohesion in mechanical solidarity

Similarity and shared beliefs

A small traditional community is united because most people share the same beliefs and lifestyle. Which concept is shown

Mechanical solidarity

What is organic solidarity

Cohesion based on interdependence and diverse roles

In what kind of society is organic solidarity found

Modern societies

What creates cohesion in organic solidarity

Mutual reliance among people with different roles

A modern city remains connected because specialized workers depend on each other. Which concept is shown

Organic solidarity

What is the key difference between mechanical and organic solidarity

Mechanical solidarity depends on similarity while organic solidarity depends on interdependence

Which solidarity is associated with traditional societies

Mechanical solidarity

Which solidarity is associated with modern societies

Organic solidarity