Emergence of Islam & the Islamic caliphates

Islam is a theological system that emerged from writings of

Muhammad

Quran, and the adherents Islam, regardless of race, are referred to as

Muslims

Central religious text of Islam

The Quran

(community of believers)

Ummah

Muslims were to adhere to the religious laws of Islam

Five pillars

Belief that there is only one Allah and that Muhammad is allahs messenger

Shahadah

Prayers are to be given Allah five times each day

Salah

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Giving of alms, charity, to the poor 2.5% of income

Zakat

Making pilgrimage to the house of Allah in Mecca

Hajj

Fasting sunrise to sunset during the month of ramadan

Fasting

The Arabic word for god

Allah

Scared building in Mecca

Kaaba

a period of rapid Arab expansion into Persia, the Levant, the Caucasus Region, eastern Anatolia, and parts of Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa

Rashidun caliphate (632-661 CE)

the protected people), they were generally protected by the Muslim state

Dhimmis

a substantial tax payable to the Rashidun Caliphate that could be avoided upon conversion to Islam

Jizya tax

Arabs increasingly depended on non-Arab warriors known as

Mamluks

continued territorial expansion, reaching its zenith by expanding to the borders of France and Morocco in the West and India and China in the East

Umayyad caliphate

cultural, religious, scientific, astrological, mathematically, and literary accomplishments

Golden age

They successfully crossed the Saharan desert through the use of

Camels and caravans

, the primary military and religious force for Islam would come from the Turkish

Ottoman Empire

Disputes over the rightful caliph had plagued the Muslim world since Muhammad’s death, even resulting in a violent religious split between the

Sunni and shi’a