S 1.4 Neurological System

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12 Terms

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What are the two system in Nervous System

System

Components

Function

Subdivisions

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain, Spinal Cord

Processes information and controls responses; main integration center, regulate body mechanisms

None

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All nerves outside CNS

Connects CNS to the body; carries messages to and from CNS

- Somatic Nervous System (voluntary control, e.g. skeletal muscles) - Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary control, e.g. organs, glands)   • Sympathetic (“fight or flight”)   • Parasympathetic (“rest and digest”)

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is the part of your peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary body functions, like:

  • Heart rate 💓

  • Breathing rate

  • Digestion 🍔💩

  • Pupil dilation 👁

  • Blood vessel constriction

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What make up of the Brain (3 parts) (CNS)

Part of Brain

Main Components

Functions

Forebrain

- Cerebrum- Thalamus- Hypothalamus

- Higher cognitive functions (thinking, memory, reasoning)- Sensory perception- Voluntary motor activities- Regulation of temperature, hunger, emotions

Midbrain

- Tectum

- Tegmentum

- Reflexes for vision and hearing- Controls eye movement- Relays motor signals

Hindbrain

- Cerebellum- Pons

- Medulla Oblongata

- Coordination of movement and balance (cerebellum)- Breathing and sleep regulation (pons)- Controls vital functions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure (medulla oblongata)

knowt flashcard image

<table style="min-width: 75px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Part of Brain</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Main Components</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Functions</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Forebrain</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Cerebrum- Thalamus- Hypothalamus</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Higher cognitive functions (thinking, memory, reasoning)- Sensory perception- Voluntary motor activities- Regulation of temperature, hunger, emotions</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Midbrain</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Tectum</p><p>- Tegmentum</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Reflexes for vision and hearing- Controls eye movement- Relays motor signals</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Hindbrain</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Cerebellum- Pons</p><p>- Medulla Oblongata</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Coordination of movement and balance (cerebellum)- Breathing and sleep regulation (pons)- Controls vital functions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure (medulla oblongata)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/917ca4dd-c32c-4182-8063-0e329728a5b6.png" alt="knowt flashcard image"><p></p>
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What make up of the Hindbrain (CNS)

Hindbrain

- Cerebellum

- Pons

- Medulla Oblongata

- Coordination of movement and balance (cerebellum)- Breathing and sleep regulation (pons)- Controls vital functions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure (medulla oblongata)

Part

Location

Functions

Cerebellum 小脑

( Balance and Movement Coordination)

Behind the brainstem, below the cerebrum

- Coordinates voluntary movements

- Maintains posture and balance

- Fine motor control

Pons

(Transmits signals btw Forebrain and Cerebellum)

Above the medulla, below the midbrain (part of brainstem)

- Connects cerebrum and cerebellum

- Controls breathing rhythm

- Involved in sleep and arousal

Medulla Oblongata

(Regulation of )

Lowest part of brainstem, continuous with spinal cord

- Controls vital involuntary functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)

- Reflex actions like swallowing, coughing, sneezing

Tips to memorize:

Medulla Manages

Pons Passes

Cerebellum Coordinates

<p></p><table style="min-width: 75px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Hindbrain</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Cerebellum</p><p>- Pons</p><p>- Medulla Oblongata</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Coordination of movement and balance (cerebellum)- Breathing and sleep regulation (pons)- Controls vital functions like heart rate, breathing, blood pressure (medulla oblongata)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="min-width: 75px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Part</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Location</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Functions</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Cerebellum 小脑</strong></p><p><strong>( Balance and Movement Coordination)</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Behind the brainstem, below the cerebrum</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Coordinates voluntary movements</p><p>- Maintains posture and balance</p><p>- Fine motor control</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Pons</strong></p><p><strong>(Transmits signals btw Forebrain and Cerebellum)</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Above the medulla, below the midbrain (part of brainstem)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Connects cerebrum and cerebellum</p><p>- Controls breathing rhythm</p><p>- Involved in sleep and arousal</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Medulla Oblongata</strong></p><p><strong>(Regulation of )</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Lowest part of brainstem, continuous with spinal cord</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Controls vital involuntary functions (heart rate, breathing, blood pressure)</p><p>- Reflex actions like swallowing, coughing, sneezing</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><strong>Tips to memorize:</strong></p><p>Medulla Manages</p><p>Pons Passes</p><p>Cerebellum Coordinates</p>
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what make up of Midbrain (2 parts)(CNS)

Part

Location (in Midbrain)

Main Components

Functions

Tectum

Dorsal (back) part of midbrain

- Superior colliculi- Inferior colliculi

- Superior colliculi: visual reflexes, tracking moving objects- Inferior colliculi: auditory reflexes

Tegmentum

Ventral (front) part of midbrain

- Red nucleus- Substantia nigra- Reticular formation

- Controls motor functions

- Regulates awareness and attention

- Contains pathways for voluntary movement

(substantia nigra linked to Parkinson’s disease)

Function: Alertness, Sleep/Wake cycle, Motor activities

Midbrain - MID

M - Movement (Especially Eye Movements)

I - Involuntary (Sleep/Wake Cycle)

D - Detection of Auditory and Visual Reflexes

<table style="min-width: 100px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Part</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Location (in Midbrain)</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Main Components</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Functions</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Tectum</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Dorsal (back) part of midbrain</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Superior colliculi- Inferior colliculi</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- <strong>Superior colliculi:</strong> visual reflexes, tracking moving objects- <strong>Inferior colliculi:</strong> auditory reflexes</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Tegmentum</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Ventral (front) part of midbrain</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Red nucleus- Substantia nigra- Reticular formation</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Controls motor functions</p><p>- Regulates awareness and attention</p><p>- Contains pathways for voluntary movement</p><p>(substantia nigra linked to Parkinson’s disease)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Function: Alertness, Sleep/Wake cycle, Motor activities</p><p>Midbrain - MID</p><p>M - Movement (Especially Eye Movements)</p><p>I - Involuntary (Sleep/Wake Cycle)</p><p>D - Detection of Auditory and Visual Reflexes</p><p></p><p></p>
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<p><strong>(CNS)</strong>What make up of the Forebrain</p>

(CNS)What make up of the Forebrain

🧠 Forebrain Structures & Their Functions

Brain Part

中文

Function(s)

Cerebrum

大脑

- Higher cognitive functions (thinking, memory, reasoning)
- Sensory perception
- Voluntary motor activities

Thalamus

丘脑

- Sensory relay (directs sensory info to the cortex)

Hypothalamus

下丘脑

- Regulation of temperature, hunger, thirst, and emotions
- Controls the pituitary gland (hormones)


🧠 Mnemonic to Remember It (in English)

"Cool Thinking Helps Survive."

"Cool Thinking Helps Survive."

  • C = Cerebrum → Cognition, Control, Consciousness

  • T = Thalamus → Traffic director for sensory info

  • H = Hypothalamus → Homeostasis (temperature, hunger, emotions)

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What is White and Grey Matter(CNS)

Type

What it is

Composition

Location

Function

White Matter

The part of the nervous system that looks white due to myelin

Mainly myelinated axons (nerve fibres)

- Inner part of brain- Outer part of spinal cord

Carries nerve impulses between neurons, connecting different parts of grey matter

Grey Matter

The darker part containing neuron cell bodies

Mainly neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, glial cells, synapses

- Outer part of brain (cerebral cortex)- Inner part of spinal cord

Processes information – where synapses occur, signals are integrated and processed

  • Grey matter = processing and integration (cell bodies).

  • White matter = communication pathways (myelinated axons).

Note: (Check Screenshot)

  1. Axon in white matter is covered in Myelin ( Make up of fats and Lipids)

  2. Axon Terminal connects to the next Cell body

<table style="min-width: 125px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Type</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>What it is</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Composition</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Location</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Function</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>White Matter</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>The part of the nervous system that looks white due to myelin</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Mainly <strong>myelinated axons</strong> (nerve fibres)</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Inner part of brain- Outer part of spinal cord</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Carries nerve impulses <strong>between neurons</strong>, connecting different parts of grey matter</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Grey Matter</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>The darker part containing neuron cell bodies</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Mainly <strong>neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, glial cells, synapses</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Outer part of brain (cerebral cortex)- Inner part of spinal cord</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Processes information – <strong>where synapses occur, signals are integrated and processed</strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table><ul><li><p><strong>Grey matter</strong> = processing and integration (cell bodies).</p></li><li><p><strong>White matter</strong> = communication pathways (myelinated axons).</p></li></ul><p></p><p>Note: (Check Screenshot)</p><ol><li><p>Axon in white matter is covered in Myelin ( Make up of fats and Lipids)</p></li><li><p>Axon Terminal connects to the next Cell body</p></li></ol><p></p>
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Identify the Four Lobes in Brain(CNS)

Lobe

Location

Main Functions

Frontal Lobe

Front part of cerebrum

- Voluntary movement (motor cortex)- Planning, reasoning, problem-solving- Emotions, personality, speech production (Broca’s area)

Parietal Lobe

Behind frontal lobe, top middle of brain

- Sensory perception and integration (touch, temperature, pain)- Spatial awareness

Temporal Lobe

Side of brain, near ears

- Hearing (auditory cortex)- Memory- Language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)

Occipital Lobe

Back of brain

- Visual processing (interpreting visual information)

Tips to memorize:

Lobe

Frontal Lobe - Think Forehead for Deep Thought and Decision Making

Parietal Lobe - Think Plates (Satellite) Covering top of the head, Sensory Information

Temporal Lobe - Think Tempo, For hearing and Rhythm in Speech and Memories

Occipital Lobe - Think Optics and Ocular . Focusing on Vision

<table style="min-width: 75px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Lobe</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Location</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Main Functions</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Frontal Lobe</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Front part of cerebrum</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Voluntary movement (motor cortex)- Planning, reasoning, problem-solving- Emotions, personality, speech production (Broca’s area)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Parietal Lobe</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Behind frontal lobe, top middle of brain</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Sensory perception and integration (touch, temperature, pain)- Spatial awareness</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Temporal Lobe</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Side of brain, near ears</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Hearing (auditory cortex)- Memory- Language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Occipital Lobe</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Back of brain</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>- Visual processing (interpreting visual information)</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><strong><mark data-color="#NaNNaNNaN" style="background-color: #NaNNaNNaN; color: inherit">Tips to memorize: </mark></strong></p><table style="min-width: 25px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Lobe</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Frontal Lobe - Think Forehead for Deep Thought and Decision Making</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Parietal Lobe - Think Plates (Satellite) Covering top of the head, Sensory Information</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Temporal Lobe - Think Tempo, For hearing and Rhythm in Speech and Memories</strong></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Occipital Lobe - Think Optics and Ocular . Focusing on Vision</strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
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PNS

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System 

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

- Somatic Nervous System (voluntary control, e.g. skeletal muscles)

- Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary control, e.g. organs, glands)  Two division~

 • Sympathetic (“fight or flight”)  

 • Parasympathetic (“rest and digest”)

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PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

What make up for PNS

Everything outside of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Autonomic Nervous System

Responsibility:

  1. Internal Temperature

  2. Regulating GI functions

  3. Excretory and Endocrine System

  4. Cardiac Activities

  1. Sympathetic: Fight or Flight

  2. Parasympathetic: Rest and Digest

Somatic Nervous System

Responsibility:

  1. Motor function of skeletal muscle (Voluntary)

<p>Everything outside of the Brain and Spinal Cord</p><p></p><p>Autonomic Nervous System</p><p>Responsibility: </p><ol><li><p>Internal Temperature</p></li><li><p>Regulating GI functions</p></li><li><p>Excretory and Endocrine System</p></li><li><p>Cardiac Activities</p></li></ol><p></p><p></p><p></p><ol><li><p>Sympathetic: Fight or Flight</p></li><li><p>Parasympathetic: Rest and Digest </p></li></ol><p></p><p>Somatic Nervous System</p><p>Responsibility: </p><ol><li><p>Motor function of skeletal muscle (Voluntary)</p></li></ol><p></p>
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<p>Identify what on the graph.</p>

Identify what on the graph.

Neuron: (Comes in many types, this is the general one)

Term

Explanation

Dendrite

Branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons and carry them toward the cell body.

Cell Body

Also called soma; contains the nucleus and most of the cell’s organelles, maintaining neuron health and integrating incoming signals.

Myelin

A fatty insulating layer covering some axons, which increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

Axon

A long, slender projection that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

Synapse

The small gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals to the next cell.

Axon Terminal

The endpoint of an axon where neurotransmitters are stored and released into the synapse to communicate with other cells.

<p>Neuron: (Comes in many types, this is the general one)</p><p></p><table style="min-width: 50px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Term</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Explanation</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Dendrite</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Branch-like structures that receive signals from other neurons and carry them toward the cell body.</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Cell Body</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Also called <strong>soma</strong>; contains the nucleus and most of the cell’s organelles, maintaining neuron health and integrating incoming signals.</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Myelin</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>A fatty insulating layer covering some axons, which increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission.</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Axon</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>A long, slender projection that carries electrical impulses <strong><u>away </u></strong>from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Synapse</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>The small gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals to the next cell.</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Axon Terminal</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>The endpoint of an axon where neurotransmitters are stored and released into the synapse to communicate with other cells.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><p></p>
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What is a Glial Cell?

What do they do?

Term

Explanation

Glial (Glial Cells / Neuroglia)

Supporting cells in the nervous system that do not conduct nerve impulses. They provide structural support, nourishment, insulation (e.g. forming myelin), and protection for neurons. Types include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, and ependymal cells.

<table style="min-width: 50px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Term</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Explanation</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Glial (Glial Cells / Neuroglia)</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Supporting cells in the nervous system that do <strong>not</strong> conduct nerve impulses. They provide structural support, nourishment, insulation (e.g. forming myelin), and protection for neurons. Types include <strong>astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, and ependymal cells</strong>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
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What is Afferent and Efferent in Nervous System

What type of neurons are they( they’re diff)

Term

Explanation

Afferent

Refers to sensory neurons that carry information from the body to the central nervous system (CNS). For example, feeling heat from a stove sends signals via afferent pathways to the brain.

Efferent

Refers to motor neurons that carry commands from the CNS to the body, such as muscles or glands. For example, your brain sends efferent signals to move your hand away from the hot stove.

Mnemonic Tips:

Afferent = Arrives

Efferent = Exit

<table style="min-width: 50px"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px"><col style="min-width: 25px"></colgroup><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Term</strong></p></th><th colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Explanation</strong></p></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Afferent</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Refers to<mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit"> </mark><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">sensory neurons</mark></strong> that carry information <strong>from the body to the central nervous system (CNS)</strong>. For example, feeling heat from a stove sends signals via afferent pathways to the brain.</p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Efferent</strong></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>Refers to<mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit"> </mark><strong><mark data-color="yellow" style="background-color: yellow; color: inherit">motor neurons</mark></strong> that carry commands <strong>from the CNS to the body</strong>, such as muscles or glands. For example, your brain sends efferent signals to move your hand away from the hot stove.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Mnemonic Tips: </p><p>Afferent = Arrives</p><p>Efferent = Exit</p><p></p>