Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy chapter 7

the study of the microscopic structure and function of cells and associated tissue

histology

another term for histology

microanatomy

the smallest living unit of organization in the body

the cell

Why is the cell considered the smallest living unit of organization?

The cell is capable of performing any necessary functions without the aid of other cells.

collection of similarly specialized cells

tissue

independent body part formed from tissue

organ

organs functioning together

system

active transport of a material from a vesicle within a cell to the extracellular environment

exocytosis

uptake of materials from the extracellular environment

endocytosis

the engulfing and digesting of materials through enzymatic breakdown

phagocytosis

semipermeable membrane that surrounds the cell

cell membrane / plasma membrane

semi-fluid part contained within the cell membrane

cytoplasm

spaces or cavities within the cytoplasm

vacuoles

metabolically active specialized structures within the cell

organelles

What is the function of organelles?

They allow each cell to function according to its genetic code.

Which organelle is the largest, densest, and most conspicuous when viewed microscopically?

the nucleus

What is the chief nucleic acid in the nucleoplasm?

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the form of chromatin

How much of human DNA does not code for a specific product?

as much as 98%

chromatic condensed into microscopically visible form in an actively dividing cell

chromosomes

constricted area near the middle of a chromosome

centromere

Chromosomes become two filamentous ______________ (or daughter chromosomes)joined by a centromere during cell division.

chromatids

the fluid part within the nucleus

nucleoplasm

What substance contains important molecules used in the construction of ribosomes, nucleic acids, and other nuclear materials?

the nucleoplasm

prominent round organelle located in the middle of the nucleus

nucleolus

produces rRNA and manages activity within the cell

nucleolus

most numerous organelles in the cell

mitochondria

What are mitochondria associated with?

energy conversion

The _____________ are produced in the nucleolus from rRNA and protein molecules and are assembled in the cytoplasm.

ribosomes

system of membrane-bound channels that function in modification, storage, segregation, and transport of proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

Protein is transferred from the ER to the ___________ for segregation, packaging, and transport.

golgi complex

organelles produced by the Golgi complex that function in both intracellular and extracellular digestion by the cell

lysosomes

three-dimensional support system within the cytoplasm of a cell

cytoskeleton (CSK)

metabolically inert substances that are also transient over time in the cell

inclusions

During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

interphase

What substance provides a medium for dissolving, mixing, and transporting substances and for carrying out chemical reactions?

tissue fluid / interstitial fluid

What is another name for tissue fluid?

interstitial fluid

shapeless, colorless, transparent material in which cells are embedded (fills spaces between cells)

intercellular substance / ground substance

What is another term for intercellular substance?

ground substance

mechanical attachments formed between cells or between cells and noncellular surfaces

intercellular junctions

intercellular junction between cells

desmosome

intercellular junction that attaches a cell to a noncellular surface

hemidesmosome

__________________ are also involved as a mechanism allowing gingival tissue to be secured to the tooth surface by the epithelial attachment.

Hemidesmosomes