United States History Since 1865: World War I and US Popular Culture (copy)

What significant achievement is Sergeant Alvin C. York known for during World War I?

He captured 132 prisoners and killed 25 German machine-gunners, putting 35 machine guns out of action.

What were the average work weeks in 1890 and 1920?

In 1890, the average work week was 60 hours, and by 1920 it had dropped to 51 hours.

What sports were popular in America from 1900 to 1920?

Football and Baseball.

Who is considered the 'Father of American Football'?

Walter Camp.

What was the name of the first professional football league organized in 1920?

American Professional Football Association (APFA), later renamed the National Football League (NFL).

What scandal challenged America's love for baseball between 1919 and 1921?

The Chicago 'Black Sox' Scandal.

What is the significance of the movie 'Birth of a Nation'?

It was controversial for its negative depiction of African Americans and glorification of the KKK, but it was also commercially successful.

Who is regarded as the founding father of Ragtime music?

Scott Joplin.

What two major leagues were established in Major League Baseball in 1903?

The National League (NL) and the American League (AL).

What type of music is characterized by improvisation and originated in New Orleans?

Jazz.

What was the impact of the 'Great Migration' on American society and culture during the early 20th century?

It led to the widespread diffusion of African American culture, including jazz music, across the United States.

What was the landmark legislation that secured women's suffrage in the United States?

The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote.

Who was Margaret Sanger?

Margaret Sanger was a pioneer in the movement for women's reproductive rights and contraception access.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s that celebrated African American heritage and creativity.

Who was Langston Hughes?

Langston Hughes was a prominent poet, novelist, and playwright of the Harlem Renaissance.

Who was Zora Neale Hurston?

Zora Neale Hurston was a celebrated novelist, folklorist, and anthropologist who documented African American culture.

Who was Marcus Garvey?

Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican political leader who advocated for black nationalism and Pan-Africanism.

What was the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)?

The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was an organization founded by Marcus Garvey to promote black self-reliance and unity.

What was the Teapot Dome Scandal?

The Teapot Dome Scandal involved Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, who accepted bribes for leasing government oil reserves.

Who was Calvin Coolidge?

Calvin Coolidge became president after the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923 and was known for his laissez-faire economic policies.

What was the Dawes Plan of 1924?

The Dawes Plan was a plan to resolve the issue of World War I reparations that Germany had to pay.

What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an international agreement signed in 1928 that renounced war as an instrument of national policy.

What was the assembly line, and who pioneered it?

The assembly line was a manufacturing process pioneered by Henry Ford that greatly increased production efficiency.

How did Henry Ford revolutionize the automobile industry?

Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile industry with the mass production of the Model T.

What was the Model T?

The Model T was the first mass-produced automobile that was affordable for the middle class.

What factors contributed to the economic boom of the 1920s?

The economic boom during the 1920s was driven by consumer spending, increased productivity, and technological advancements.

What is installment buying?

Installment buying allowed consumers to purchase goods on credit and pay for them over time.

What was the Scopes Trial?

The Scopes Trial was a legal case in 1925 that debated the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Who was Clarence Darrow?

Clarence Darrow was a famous lawyer who defended John Scopes in the Scopes Trial.

Who was William Jennings Bryan?

William Jennings Bryan was a politician and lawyer who argued against the teaching of evolution in the Scopes Trial.

What was Prohibition?

Prohibition, established by the 18th Amendment, banned the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol.

Which constitutional amendment established Prohibition, and which repealed it?

The 18th Amendment established Prohibition, while the 21st Amendment repealed it.

What were speakeasies?

Speakeasies were illegal establishments that sold alcohol during Prohibition.

What was bootlegging?

Bootlegging was the illegal production and distribution of alcohol during Prohibition.

Who was Al Capone?

Al Capone was a notorious gangster who rose to prominence during Prohibition.

What was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the 1920's?

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) experienced a resurgence in the 1920s, targeting African Americans, immigrants, and Catholics.

What is nativism?

Nativism is the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

What were the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924?

The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 limited immigration based on national origin.

Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?

Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who were controversially convicted and executed for robbery and murder.

What was the Red Scare?

The Red Scare was a period of intense anti-communism in the United States after World War I.

What were the Palmer Raids?

Palmer Raids were a series of raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States.

What is the Lost Generation?

The Lost Generation refers to a group of American writers who came of age during World War I and expressed disillusionment with American society.

Who was F. Scott Fitzgerald?

F. Scott Fitzgerald was a prominent author of the Lost Generation, known for novels like 'The Great Gatsby'.

Who was Ernest Hemingway?

Ernest Hemingway was a Nobel Prize-winning author known for his concise and understated writing style.

Who was T.S. Eliot?

T.S. Eliot was a modernist poet known for works such as 'The Waste Land'.

Who was Gertrude Stein?

Gertrude Stein was an American writer and art collector who was a central figure in the avant-garde movement.

What was the Great Depression?

The Great Depression was a severe economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s.

What was the Wall Street Crash of 1929?

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, marked the beginning of the Great Depression.

Who was Herbert Hoover?

Herbert Hoover was president during the onset of the Great Depression and was criticized for his handling of the crisis.

What were Hoovervilles?

Hoovervilles were shantytowns built by unemployed and destitute people during the Great Depression.

What was the Dust Bowl?

The Dust Bowl was an ecological disaster in the 1930s that devastated the agricultural regions of the Great Plains.

What was the Bonus Army?

The Bonus Army was a group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., to demand early payment of their promised bonuses.

Who was Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)?

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was president during the Great Depression and implemented the New Deal to combat the crisis.

What was the New Deal?

The New Deal was a series of programs and reforms enacted by FDR to address the Great Depression.

What was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a New Deal program that provided jobs for young men in conservation projects.

What was the Public Works Administration (PWA)?

The Public Works Administration (PWA) was a New Deal agency that funded large-scale public works projects.

What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was a New Deal agency that employed millions of people in public works projects, including art and cultural programs.

What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)?

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was a New Deal program that aimed to raise crop prices by paying farmers to reduce production.

What was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was a New Deal agency that developed the Tennessee Valley region through dams and electricity generation.

What was the Social Security Act of 1935?

The Social Security Act of 1935 established a system of old-age benefits, unemployment insurance, and aid to families with dependent children.

What was the Wagner Act?

The Wagner Act, or National Labor Relations Act, protected workers' rights to organize and bargain collectively.

What was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?

The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 established minimum wage, maximum hours, and child labor laws.

What was the New Deal Coalition?

The New Deal Coalition was the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs in the United States that supported the New Deal and Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 to the late 1960s.

Who was Father Charles Coughlin?

Father Charles Coughlin was a controversial Catholic priest who used radio to broadcast his political views.

Who was Huey Long?

Huey Long was a populist politician who proposed the "Share Our Wealth" program.

What was the Second New Deal?

The Second New Deal refers to the second phase of FDR's New Deal programs, which emphasized social reform and economic security.

What was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934?

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 aimed to restore tribal ownership of land and promote Native American self-governance.

What was the Court-Packing Plan?

The Court-Packing Plan was FDR's controversial proposal to expand the Supreme Court to appoint justices favorable to his New Deal policies.

What were the Neutrality Acts?

The Neutrality Acts were a series of laws passed by the U.S. Congress in the 1930s to limit U.S. involvement in future wars.

What was the Stimson Doctrine?

The Stimson Doctrine was a policy of nonrecognition of states created as a result of aggression.

What was the Good Neighbor Policy?

The Good Neighbor Policy was FDR's foreign policy initiative that aimed to improve relations with Latin American countries.

What was the Lend-Lease Act?

The Lend-Lease Act allowed the U.S. to provide military aid to foreign nations during World War II.

What was the Atlantic Charter?

The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration issued by FDR and Winston Churchill that outlined the Allied goals for the post-war world.

What event led to the U.S. entering World War II?

The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan on December 7, 1941, led to the U.S. entering World War II.

Who was Rosie the Riveter?

Rosie the Riveter was a cultural icon representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II.

What was Executive Order 9066?

Executive Order 9066 authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.

What was Korematsu v. United States?

Korematsu v. United States was a Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of Japanese American internment during World War II.

What was the Bracero Program?

The Bracero Program was an agreement between the U.S. and Mexico that allowed Mexican laborers to work in the U.S. during World War II.

What were the Zoot Suit Riots?

The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of conflicts in 1943 in Los Angeles between U.S. servicemen and young Mexican Americans known as "zoot suiters."

What was the Double V Campaign?

The Double V Campaign was a movement by African Americans to fight for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home during World War II.

Who were the Tuskegee Airmen?

The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of African American pilots who fought in World War II and overcame racial segregation to become highly decorated.

What was the Battle of Midway?

The Battle of Midway was a crucial naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that marked a turning point against Japan.

What was D-Day?

D-Day, or the Normandy landings, was the Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944.

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

The Battle of the Bulge was a major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe.

What was the Manhattan Project?

The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

What were Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the two Japanese cities on which the United States dropped atomic bombs in August 1945.

What was the Yalta Conference?

The Yalta Conference was a meeting of the Allied leaders FDR, Churchill, and Stalin to plan the post-war reorganization of Europe.

What was the Potsdam Conference?

The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Allied leaders Truman, Churchill (later Attlee), and Stalin to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.

When and why was the United Nations established?

The United Nations was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts.

What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created as its primary goal is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other.

What is the World Bank?

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.

What were the Nuremberg Trials?

The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war.

What was the GI Bill?

The GI Bill, officially the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, provided benefits to World War II veterans, including education, housing, and employment assistance.

What was the baby boom?

The baby boom was a period of increased birth rates after World War II.

What is Suburbanization?

Suburbanization is the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities.

What was Levittown?

Levittown was one of the first mass-produced suburban developments.

What was the Cold War?

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

The Truman Doctrine was a United States policy to stop Soviet expansion during the Cold War.

What was the Marshall Plan?

The Marshall Plan was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II.

What was Containment during the cold war?

Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad.