ASLP 3010 exam 2

Assessment

Infomation gathering, infomation analysis, and infomation interpretation

What are the three purposes of assessment

1) to determine the presneces of a disorder

2) determing eligibility of services

3) documenting progress

Diagnosis

A diagnosis is identification of a disease or disorder based on symptoms presented.

prognosis

a forecast of the likely course of a disease or ailment; potential benefit from therapy or medical treatment

Factors influencing prognosis include:

•Age

•Severity of communication disorder

•Family support

•Ongoing medical conditions

Screening

A screening test is a brief initial assessment procedure used to determine if an individual needs a comprehensive evaluation.

•Typically, a screening will result in a pass or fail determination based on various predetermined criteria.

•If a client fails a screening, then an in-depth evaluation is necessary.

•Screening may focus on one particular area or several areas of focus.

Wha are the 4 types of assessments tools

Case history interviews

Norm referenced test

Criterion-referenced procedures

Observational tools

case-history interview

collecting information about the client and their communication disorder

Norm referenced tests

comparing a client's performance to a sample of individuals who are similar to the client

Criterion-referenced procedures

comparing client's skills to a certain predetermined expectation

Obsevational tools

Includes behavioral observations, structured sampling events, and dynamic assessment to gain information about clients with significant communication disorders or those who are very young

For criterion-referenced and norm-referenced, what kinds of scores might you get?

Norm referenced: standard score and perdentile rank

Criteron refrenced: catergories or %

Valid scores

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Reliable scores

When a test score remains stable, or similar, regardless of who gives the test or when the client takes it, the test is considered reliable.

What is a norming sample

A group of indiviuals to whom a client taking a test is being compared.

What is a standard score?

The normal curve for a test is used to establish standard scores.

•A standard score is a derived score that has been transformed into a distribution with a known mean and standard deviation.

•This sets the average score for the norming sample at 100 and the standard deviation at 15. A score of 100 means that the client's score falls just at the average for the norming sample.

•*Scores of 85 are 1 SD below average/mean and scores of 115 are 1 SD above the average/mean.

What is standard deviation?

A standard deviation unit is the average distance that scores fall from the average

What is a percentile rank?

Percentile ranks are another way to represent where an individual falls in comparison to the normal distribution.

•A percentile rank is a derived score that indicates the percentage of individuals whose score falls at or below a given raw score.

-Example: The 50th percentile represents the mean; therefore 50% of the norming population scored above the score and 50% score below.

Percentile ranks are often used to describe scores to teachers and families because they are easier to understand.

What are the rules for standardization of a test?

Take test under similar conditions

Maintain consistency in admistration an scoring

Test manuals must be specific and highly detailed

The teest manuals musst be followed

Purposes for communication sampling

Communication sampling is a functional assessment.

•A communication sample helps us understand the impact of someone's communication disorder.

•It can be used with clients of all ages and all areas of speech and language problems

•It can be used to demonstrate progress; that treatments make real, functional differences in clients' lives

What are the types of nonverbal clients

Children who are at preverbal levels of development, meaning they have not yet acquired symbolic language.

•Older children, adolescents, or adults with developmental disabilities whose long-standing levels of function have precluded symbolic language learning.

•Clients who previously were typical language users but lost their skills due to injury or illness.

language sample

an audio recording of a child's spontaneous conversation or naturalistic verbal interaction with the clinician, family member, or both that is later analyzed

speech sample

provides information regarding speech intelligibility, fluency, voice and other aspects of speech production

Principles for collecting a communication sample: children and adults

Types of samples

play, language, speech

What skills are you poking for in a language sample

Morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, MLU

What is MLU

mean length of utterance

What skills are you looking for in speech sample

Intervention

purpose of intervention

-Change or eliminate the underlying problem

-Teach compensatory strategies

-Modify the disorder

What does the implementation of intervention depend on

Nature of the disorder, age & therapy history, Family situation, client learning style and prefrence

normative approach

Goals that target age appropriate norms

client specific approach

Teach skill taht best serve the client

Principles for selecting goal/target behavior

Socially significant

Reinforced by family members

Expand communication skills

Linguistically and cultrally appropriate

Long term goal

Goals for the full period of therapy

Session goal

-an observable behavior, expressed in a specified context, which represents an act of learning that will lead to the acquisition of a linguistic structure targeted as a short term goal

3 components of a behavioral objective

do statement, condition, criterion

Define continuum of naturalness

This describes how closely an intervention context or activity resembles an everyday communication situation

3 factors that affect continuum of naturalness

The intervention activity itself

The physical context in which the activity takes place

The individuals with whom the client interacts during intervention

clinical directed approaches

Clinican controls everything

Behavioralist

ABC

A: antecedent (stimulus)

B: response

C: Consquence

Drill drill play

Client-centered approaches

-emphasize therapy in authentic settings

-the most common CC activity used with children is facilitative play

-the clinician arranges the physical environment to encourage the child to generate target responses spontaneously during the natural course of play

Self talk

Observe the childs behavior do the same thing and describe the childs ongoing actions

Expansion

Change the childs sentence to be grammaticaly correct

Extension

Add new info to child sentence

Recast

Change into a new sentece type

parrellel talk

The clincian produces an ongoing comentary on the cilds acation

4 main types of hybrid instruction

-focused stimulation

-milieu teaching

-script therapy

-conversational coaching

Script therapy

An approach in which target behaviors are taught within the context of a familiar routine or script

Conversational coaching

Clinican teaches communication strategies to client and conversational partners

3 purposes of data collection

Permits clinician to track the clients progress from one session to another

Provides documentation of the efficacy of a particular intervention strategy

Maximizes effectivness

Data collection systems

systems that collect data from their environment using a set of sensors and send that data to other systems for processing

principles of oral and written communication

-organize info logically and by subtopic

-clearly introduce topic

-avoid overly techlingo

-when using techincal lingo cannot be avoided break down and explain the words

-use objective terms

-be brief

-1st person language

Why do we interview clients?

To get perspective of caretakers, get an accurate timeline, comfirm accuracy of medical records,coeect inaccuracys,open up communication, beging determining goals, and building trust

Maintaining professional boundaries

Clinicians may share their own personal feelings only if the expression of those feelings will facilitate the therapeutic process.

List the 5 general sections of a diagnostic report

!) background info

2) assessment results

3) summary and impressions

4) prognosis

5) recommendations

indirect service delivery

clinicians train parents and early childhood educators to scaffold language development with the purpose of preventing later functional limitations (individual, small group, whole classroom)

Direct service delivery

Clinician works in a face-to-face format with an individual patient or group of patients

◦May include both clinical and consultative/collaborative services

consultative model

clinical professional works indirectly with a client/patient by providing guidance and teaching to the client's family members and professional colleagues

Collaborative Model

members of an intervention team work together and share responsibility for client outcomes.

individual therapy

treatment modality in which the client and clinician meet one-on-one

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

Multidisciplinary model

Each discipline conducts own assessment and develops discipline-specific goals.

•Each discipline has its own plan. (outpatient)

interdisciplinary model

Each discipline conducts own assessment but communicates with other disciplines regarding results.

•Fosters complementary goal development and each discipline creates its own plan for the client. (inpatient)

Transdisciplinary model

Team members have an ongoing dialogue, sharing of information, knowledge and skills to develop and implement a single integrated service plan for the client.

•A single assessment is completed in unison by professionals from several disciplines. (clinic teams: cochlear implant; Shriner's Hospital (dyslexia)