Time period 8

• Meant to allow Congress to continue to allow stability after the war

• National health insurance, minimum wage increases, kept Americans working after the war

Employment Act 1946

End of ww1, US thought communism was going to spread and was a threat

Can't trust the soviet union

As this idea resurfaces, it become problematic

Red Scare

made it legal to seek out spies and communist that could be a threat to the US

Smith act

many people that were communist were put in jail

Result of the Smith Act

Gave a passionate speech-said there were more than 200 communists in the US government

Called out on this witch hunt

Joseph Mcarthy

US needs to stop the spread of

communism

Communism is a threat in greece and turkey, needed to contain democracy there because it was the birthplace of democracy

Truman Doctrine

Did same as truman doctrine but to all countries of Europe

US takes a active role to make democracy appealing

17+12 mil in aid for money

Eastern europe was kinda siding with the soviet

Marshall Plan

• Symbolizes the division between communism and democracy: in general people are going to work together to stop the spread of communism.

An Iron Curtain in Europe

• The Nuclear Arms Race and the Threat if the Global Destruction Increase gov spending on defense, closer allies with no-communist countries

MAD

•  Increase gov spending on defense, closer allies with no-communist countries

NSC-64

convinced more americans that gov needed to spend more money and be more powerful than the soviets

Result of NSC-64

Mao zedong- communist

Chiang Kai shek- nationalist/democratic

two sides of the china split

Agreement of Zadong and soviets that they are an alliance, very concerning

1950 Sino-soviet pact

Time where everyone wanted to fit in, if you didn't then people thought you were communist

1950s

gave loans to veterans so they could afford to move out to suburbs, gave money to veterans so they could go to college (wanted to educate more people so US could outsmart the soviet)

GI BIll

created the suburbs 

Joseph Levitt

• said that when you bought a house in the suburbs, you couldn't sell it to a minority 

Restricted Covent

• increased advertising, propaganda, visual images of what's going on in vietnam (shaped public view)

Tvs and Home Appliances

known as the beatnicks- screw conformity, stop taking everything at face value

Writers 1950s

rock and roll, considered rebellious music because the root was African Americans

Music of the 1950s

JFK: democrat

Nikon: republican, was the VP under eisenhower, thought he was a shoe-in

Election of 1960 candidates

JFK program

Increase spending for education, more educated people to be able to compete with soviets

Urban renewal, wealthier people moved away city has less taxes, needed to change

Civil rights movement

JFK spent gov money, national debt increased

Space race: Way to compete with the soviets

New Frontier (Domestic Policy)

• Soviets were becoming friends with Cuba, bad because Cuba is very close to the US

• CIA plans a surprise invasion on Cuba in an attempt to overthrow the government (Fidel Castro was the leader)

  • Thought the cuban people would help the US and overthrow the government/Castro

  • Problem was that the cuban exiles didn't want to be involved, no one to help the US

Bay of Pigs (1961)

Invasion fails

Outcome of the bay of pigs

Soviets decide to build the

Berlin Wall

Did this because their were people leaving the russian side to go to a place that was not communist, communist wanted to stop people from leaving

Didn't want democratic ideas to spread

Symbolic of the cold war

Remains in place until 1989-1991

Symbolizes the end of the cold war

Reasons Why Soviets Built the Berlin Wall

Connected to the failed bays of pigs invasion

Issues is that US spy planes discovered there were missiles in Cuba pointed at the US

Connected to the soviets (cuba wouldn't have been able to produce them)

Only reason soviets did this was because soviets had discovered missiles in the US middle east pointed at them

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Hot line, red line: direct line of communication of US president and the government of the Soviets

Used to avoid use of nuclear weapons

Result of Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• Compared to the things in the new deal

• Working to make minorities lives better

• Civils rights legislation 

• Gets to work on these

• Wants civil rights for african americans

What were the main ideas of the Great Society?

Book on the heart soul of the women's movement in the 1960’s

Said that women keep complaining about not being equal, but keep accepting traditional roles, wanted women of all ages to seek other roles

Betty Friedan “Feminine Mystique”

1966 NOW is started, spearheaded women's movements

Result of Betty Friedan “Feminine Mystique”

More equality for various groups

Can't discriminate someone simply because their race or gender

Big push to add an amendment

Civil Rights Act 1964

• Making sure these rights that were being protected in the civil rights act, it would be permitted

• Only way to change it would be passing another amendment

• Failed to get the necessary votes, does not go into effect

• Failed because by the time they wrote it, it had to go to the state, and it took a lot of time, rolled it out at the end of the 1960’s and in general the US the conservatory movement grew in popularity.

• Reflected the growing trend of conservatives

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

Challenging traditions and norms of society

Women are apart of this, and african americans, and the LGBTQ community

Focus was spreading the message of brotherly love

Work on ways of bringing different groups of people together without war

Anti-war

Hippies and the CounterCulture

Fights against gay people

Stonewall Riots

• Going to be attacked outside of a gay bar in the city, because there is a desire of equality, it begins this movement

• First openly gay person to be elected as a mayor

• Many thought he couldn't do his job, was assassinated

• Some people became committed to the cause, but does hurt the gay community, scared for their safety

Harvey Milk

• Fought for equality, farm workers

• Latinos harvest grapes tradition but paid little money and didn’t have good conditions

• Chavez worked to educate Americans about the conditions

• Created a group: United farmers union, protested but non-violent

Cesar Chavez

• Becomes the communist leader in vietnam

• Gain a significant amount of popularity, viewed as anti-imperialist

• Doesn't want the French to take over

• Issue is US is practicing containment, in US minds, we needed to stop the spread of communism in vietnam, US is willing to stop this rebellion and this adds more tension

Ho Chi Minh

North vietnamese are successful, against the french, who had tried to send in their military and take control

Vietnamese Victory at Dien Bien Phu (1954)

• French has to try and work it out

• French gave up their claim to french indochina

• Decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th parallel, north Viet is Ho chi minh and the communist have control, and the southern part was controlled by the nationalist

• Intention was the division was supposed to be temporary, 1956 they're-unify

Geneva Convention (1954)

• Leader for south vietnam

• Hand picked by the US

• Thought he would do what we wanted and we thought his ideas align with ours

• People of south vietnam hated him, mean, aggressive, totalitarian

• Encouraged communism in south viet cause he was so bad

• is later assassinated and the US knew about it and didn't stop it

• Complete turmoil in the southern part of viet, and reinforces the idea of communism

Ngo Dinh Diem

• American ships that were in the South China Sea to bring supplies to South Vietnam and have a military presence

• American ships were fired upon

• Probal north Vietnamese

Gulf of Tonkin

• Congress gave Johnson a blank check to do whatever was necessary to defend the US and help vietnam

• Not a declaration of war

Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution

• Referred to bombing rai campaigns, used B52 bombers to drop bombs throughout North Vietnam, targeted military places and leaders

• Wanted them to oppose Ho Chi Minh rein

Operation Rolling Thunder

• People who tended that supported the vietnam war

• Thought it was necessary to contain communism

• Used a conspiracy theory to gain support, tried to convince people that this was puppet war of the soviets and they were behind all this

Hawks

• Hippies, people who opposed the war

• Argued that this is a civil war, shouldn't interject into their issue

Doves

• Where it took a negative turn for johnson

• Americans saw images of this massacre and thinks the US isn't doing the right thing with the war

• Massacre in a village with only women and children

• Number of doves increased

• Johsnon and democrats lose popularity

My Lai Massacre (1968)

• Vietnam troops launched a surprise attack on american troops in south vietnam

• US wants to do a counter attack but it doesn't work

• US doesn't see how the war is ever going to end 

• Gov keep reporting that it was almost over, but lied 

• Americans demand a different approach 

• Johnson announces he won't run for reelection

• Important because in the same year the election takes place, he quits, so the democrats have to find a new candidate

Tet Offensive (1968)

• Replace american soldiers with soldiers from south vietnam 

• Becomes the approach of richard nxon 

• US will still economically help and help train but US is not going to send any more soldiers 

Vietnamization

• A relaxing of tension

• Said that if US could step back and note be aggressive than that energy will feed off onto other aggressive nations (China and the Soviet Union)

• Nixon

Detente

• Economic shutdown that causes high prices and high unemployment

• As this period continues, it progressively gets worse, prices rise, unemployment rises, Economy drops first time since ww2

Stagflation

• limit the power of the president, 48 troops being sent somewhere-the president has to report to congress-needs to get congressional approval

War powers act 1973

• Whip inflation now

• A result of turmoil the enemy had started to slip again, wanted to use voluntary measures to help the economy, not a set plan of attack

• Americans thought the government just didn't care

WIN

-1975- capital south vietnam, the north vietnamese takes it over(communist)

- end of the vietnam war

-republicans take the fall for this

Fall of Saigon

Wanted to make the world a better place

Wanted leaders of israel and egypt to meet with him

Jimmy Cartwer

Human Rights Diplomacy

Egypt is the first arab country to acknowledge israel, a jewish homeland

• Other arab nations don't like this, US is meddling 

• Iran wants to teach US a lesson

• Iran goes into the US embassy and takes 50 americans hostage

  • Fed up with american presence in their lands 

• Carter uses the rest of his presidency to try and get these hostages back, not related till 10 mins after regan was inaugurated 

REUSLT OF Human Rights Diplomacy