human reproduction

function of urethra

carries urine and semen

function of sperm duct

carries sperm to urethra

function of prostate

produces seminal fluid

which part of the male reproductive system does meiosis occur

testes

which part o the male reproductive system is directly involved with copulation?

penis

cause of male infertility and a corrective measure

low sperm count

IVF

methods of contraception

• mechanical

• surgical

• natural

• chemical

secondary sexual characteristics

features that distinguish males from female but are not necessary for reproductive they occur at puberty

function of the menstrual cycle

to prepare uterus for pregnancy

name both hormones produced by the pituitary gland which playa a role in the menstrual cycle

follicle-stimulating hormone

luteinising hormone

term used to describe events at days 1-5

menstruation

name the term used to describe events at day 14

ovulation

name the hormone responsible for ovulation

luteinising hormone

name a female menstrual disorder and state a possible cause and treatment

fibroids

symptoms-heavy menstrual bleeding/painful periods

cause- oestrogen levels

treatment-surgery (hysterectomy)

name 2 secondary sexual characteristics in males

• growth spurt at puberty

• growth of pubic, facial , and body hair

• enlargement of penis and testicles

function of epididymis

matures and stores sperm

how many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a typical human sperm cell?

23

how long is the typical menstrual cycle in a human female

28-31 days

describe one effect on the female reproductive system of low level of Oestrogen and progesterone

menstruation

FSH produced

why does Oestrogen levels increase after day 5

follicle secretes more oestrogen

FSH stimulates production of oestrogen

what event occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle

ovulation

hormone released in pituitary gland during ovulation

luteinising hormone

why does progesterone increase in the days after day 14

corpus luteum secretes progesterone

LH stimulates production of progesterone

infertility

inability of a couple to achieve conception and produce offspring

function of penis

placed semen inside the body of a female (copulation)

name the male sex hormone and where it is produced

testosterone - testes

approx survival time of sperm within the female reproductive tract

0-7 days

structure through which both urine and sperm travel

urethra

name 2 structures that are formed in the days following fertilisation up to the point of implantation

• morula

• blastocyst

role of the placenta

• prevents blood type mixing

• equalises blood pressure

• prevents wastes entering into baby

• allows nutrients, water, oxygen, and antibodies to pass through

give an outline description of the birth process including role of hormones

1. placenta acts as an endocrine gland-producing oestrogen and progesterone during pregnancy

2. progesterone levels drop. The uterus contracts

3. pituitary gland releases the hormone called oxytocin which causes the cervix to dilate

4. amniotic sac breaks

5. uterus contracts and pushes baby head first though the cervix and vagina

6. umbilical cord is clamped and then cut

7. uterus contracts again birthing the placenta

methods of birth control

• condom

• the pill

• IUD

hormone responsible for milk production

prolactin

biological benefits of breastfeeding

balanced supply of nutrients

correct temperature

contain antibodies protecting it against infection

hormone involved in sperm production

testosterone

importance of meiosis in sperm production

to produce haploid cells

introduce variation

fertilisation in human reproduction usually occurs in the vagina

false

name 2 tissues involved in formation of the placenta

• uterine tissue

• embryonic tissue

difference in male and female relative size of gametes produced

sperm- smallest cell in the body

egg-largest cell in the body

difference in male and female frequency of production of gametes

sperm- many million made daily

egg-one made per month

difference in male and female relative size of gametes

sperm- continuously making sperm

egg- born with a fixed amount of eggs

hormone responsible for the development of male secondary characteristics

testosterone

where is oestrogen produced?

Graafian follicle

name the structure the graafian follicle develops into after day 14

corpus luteum

implantation

the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

what happens when the level of progesterone in the blood after implantation

increases

what happens to the endometrium after implantation

thickens

embryo cells organise into three germ layers, name each of these layers

• ectoderm

• mesoderm

• endoderm

which type of cell division occurs during production of female gametes in flowering plants and in humans?

plants- meiosis followed by mitosis

humans- meiosis

give the precise location of the production of female gametes in flowering plants and in humans

plants- embryo sac

humans- Graafian follicle

give the precise location of fertilisation under normal circumstances in flowering plants and in humans

plant-embryo sac

human-oviduct

name the net stage of development following formation of the zygote in flowering plants and in humans

plant-embryo

human-morula

give an advantage of sexual reproduction in organisms

increased variation

give a disadvantage of sexual reproduction in organisms

requires 2 parents

in vitro fertlisation

removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body

suggest a reason for removal of several eggs in IVF

• some eggs die

• soe cab be stored

• increased chance of successful implantation

identify the germ layer from which the skin of the developing embryo arises

ectoderm

from which tissue does the placenta form

endometrium

give 2 reasons the blood of the mother and foetus shouldn’t mix

• blood group difference

• blood pressure difference

state a change that occurs in the endometrium and the approx days of the cycle on which it occurs

• breaks down

• thickens

state a change in the ovary and the approx days of the cycle on which it occurs

ovulation

where are FSH and LH produced?

pituitary gland

name 2 hormones other than FSH and LH that play a role in the cycle

oestrogen

progesterone

give a function of oestrogen

causes endometrium to build up

inhibits FSH

stimulates LH

function of progesterone

• maintains endometrium

• inhibits LH

• inhibits FSH

suggest why sperm need so many mitochondria

• sperm cells need a lot of energy

• need to swim long distances

• mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration

why are mitochondria inherited from the mother?

only the head of the sperm enters the egg

state the survival times of the egg and sperm in the female body

egg- 12-48 hours

sperm- 0-7 days

physical changes that distinguish to sexes but are not essential for production

secondary sexual characteristics

what term is used for the time in a young person’s life when such changes take place

puberty

name the hormone that maintains such changes throughout the life of a male

testosterone

which type of cell division does the zygote divide

mitosis

what is the next developmental stage after the morula?

blastocyst

give a change experienced by the mother that indicates to her that the birth process is starting

water breaks

contractions

amnion

a membrane that surrounds the embryo

explain the importance of the amnion for the foetus

secretes amniotic fluid and protects embryo

semen

sperm cells and seminal fluid

morula

solid ball of cells

blastocyst

fluid-filled ball of cells

hormone secreted by the corpus luteum

progesterone

functions of testosterone

• sperm production

• development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics

where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male?

testis

name a gland that secretes seminal fluid

prostate gland

function of seminal fluid

allows sperm to swim

lubricant

protects sperm

contraception

removing the possibility of conception

surgical method male contraception and state an advantage and disadvantage of this method

vasectomy -effective , single procedure, permanent

suggest a possible effect on the human population that may result from an increased availability of contraception

decrease in population

health issues

improved social conditions

cause of infertility in females

blockage of fallopian tube

name a hormone associated with the maintenance of the placenta

progesterone