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30 Terms
What are immunodiagnostic techniques used for?
Detecting antigen–antibody (Ag–Ab) interactions
What are immunoassays?
Laboratory diagnostic techniques that detect substances using antigen–antibody interactions
What is the basis of immunoassays?
Specific antigen–antibody binding
What are the major characteristics of immunoassays?
High specificity and sensitivity
What analytes can immunoassays detect?
Antigens or antibodies
What types of analysis do immunoassays provide?
Qualitative and quantitative analysis
Where are immunoassays commonly used?
Clinical, veterinary, and research diagnostics
Why are immunoassays important in early disease detection?
They identify conditions before clinical signs appear
Why are immunoassays useful in endocrine and metabolic disorders?
They measure hormones and proteins
How do immunoassays identify immune responses?
By detecting antibodies indicating infection or exposure
How do immunoassays monitor disease progression?
By tracking biomarker level changes over time
How do immunoassays guide treatment decisions?
They help clinicians choose and adjust therapies
What does RIA stand for?
Radioimmunoassay
What is RIA?
A highly sensitive immunoassay using radioactive labels to detect and quantify substances
Which radioisotope is commonly used in RIA?
Iodine-125
What does RIA measure?
Antigen–antibody complex formation
What is the major advantage of RIA?
Extremely high sensitivity for trace-level analytes
What specialized equipment is required for RIA?
A gamma counter
What are the limitations of RIA?
Radiation hazards, expensive equipment, and disposal concerns
What are the steps in the RIA mechanism of action?
Add radioactive antigen, add sample antigen, competition for antibody sites, form Ag–Ab complexes, separate bound and free antigen, and measure radioactivity
What is the relationship between antigen concentration and signal in RIA?
Higher antigen concentration produces a lower signal
What does EIA stand for?
Enzyme Immunoassay
What is EIA?
An immunoassay using enzyme labels to detect and quantify substances through a color-producing reaction
Which enzymes are commonly used in EIA?
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
What produces the measurable signal in EIA?
Enzyme–substrate reaction causing color formation
Why is EIA safer than RIA?
It is non-radioactive and suitable for routine use
Which widely used method is included under EIA?
ELISA
What are the advantages and limitations of EIA?
Safe, easy, cost-effective, and reliable but slightly less sensitive than RIA and requires calibration
What are the steps in the EIA mechanism of action?
Immobilize antigen or antibody, add sample, add enzyme-linked antibody, wash excess, add substrate, and observe color formation
What is the relationship between antigen concentration and color intensity in EIA?
Higher antigen concentration produces stronger color intensity