Bio: Comparative anatomy

Structure: Cuticle

Organism: Ascaris lumbricoides (parasitic worm)

Function: Protects worm from digestive enzymes of host

System: Integumentary

Plesiomorphic trait

Degenerate system

Structure: Vagina

Organism: Ascaris lumbricoides (parasitic worm)

Function: Connection between internal and external environments

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Intestine

Organism: Ascaris lumbricoides (parasitic worm)

Function: Absorbs nutrients

System: Digestive

Plesiomorhphic trait

Degenerate system

Structure: Uteri (Uterus)

Organism: Ascaris lumbricoides (parasitic worm)

Function: Site of fertilization and stores eggs

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Ovary

Organism: Ascaris lumbricoides (parasitic worm)

Function: Produces eggs

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Dermal Papillae

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Sensory reception and gas exchange. Increase surface area

System: Integumentary

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Pedicellariae

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Protect against predators

System: Integumentary system

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Eye spots

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Detects light and prey

System: Nervous system

Plesiomorphic trait

Degenerate system

Structure: Madreporite

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Entry point for seawater into the water vascular system, which powers tube feet used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration.

System: Ciruclatory

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Ring canal

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Distributes water from the madreporite to the radial canals in each arm. This system powers the tube feet for locomotion, feeding, and respiration

System: Circulatory

Apomorhic trait

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Structure: Radial canal

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Carry water to the ampullae and tube feet

System: Circulatory

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Ampullae

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Pump water from radial canal to tube feet

System: Circulatory

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Tube feet

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and attachment to surfaces

System: Musculoskeletal

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Cardiac stomach

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Grinding up food/prey

System: Digestive

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Digestive gland

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Produce enzymes for digestion of prey

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Gonad

Organism: Asterias rubens (sea star)

Function: Production of gametes

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Cheliped

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: First pair of walking legs. Defense, capturing and manipulating prey, and in mating displays or territorial fights.

System: Musculoskeletal

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Pleopods

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Transfers sperm in males and holds eggs in females

System: Musculoskeletal

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Walking legs

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Locomotion on solid surfaces, climbing, and sometimes handling food

System: Musculoskeletal

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Uropods

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Lateral flaps on abdomen that form tail fan. Used for locomotion

System: Musculoskeletal

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Telson

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Locomotion

System: Musculoskeletal

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Carapace

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Hard, protective shell

System: Integumentary

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Antennae

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Sensation of environment

System: Nervous

Plesiomorphic trait

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Bulbs within the long white tube along body

Structure: Ganglion

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Processing center for nerve signals. Control movement, reflexes, and coordination

System: Nervous

Plesiomorphic trait

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Gaps of ganglion

Structure: Ventral Nerve Cords

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Conduct messages to ganglion

System: Nervous

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Gills

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Facilitate gas exchange

System: Respiratory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Gastric mill

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Mechanical digestion

System: Digestive

Apomorphic trait

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Very light yellow structure

Structure: Hepatopancreas

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Produces digestive enzymes that chemically break down food

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Intestine

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Transports digested food from the stomach to the anus. Absorbs nutrients and water and compacts waste material before elimination

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Heart

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Pumps hemolymph through open circulatory system

System: Circulatory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Arrow below compound eye

Structure: Green gland

Organism: Cambarus robustus (crayfish)

Function: Filtration of wastes

System: Excretory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Arrow with white box

Structure: Prostomium

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: First segment/used to push soil into pharynx

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Pharynx

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Muscular organ/push soil into esophagus

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Term covered in red

Structure: Crop

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Hold soil before passage to gizzard

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Term in red

Structure: Gizzard

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Grind soil to increase surface area

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Term in red

Structure: Intestine

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Absorption of nutrients from soil

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Internal view of intestine

Structure: Typhlosole

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Increase surface area in intestine for more absorption

System: Digestive

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Anus

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Terminal end of alimentary canal

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Aortic arches

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Pump blood through closed circulation

System: Circulatory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Red term

Structure: Dorsal blood vessel

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Conducts blood from posterior to the aortic arches

System: Circulatory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Clitellum

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Swollen region used in reproduction

System: Integumentary and reproductive

Apomorphic trait

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Pinkish circles

Structure: Seminal Vesicles

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Produce male gametes

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Little white balls

Structure: Seminal receptales

Organism: Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm)

Function: Receive male gametes from other earthworm

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Nares

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Nostrils, allows for air intake

System: Respiratory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Nictitating Membrane

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Protect eye from dirt/pathogens (3rd eyelid)

System: Integumentary

Plesiomorphic trait

Degenerate system

Structure: Pinnae

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Direct sound into ear canal

System: Integumentary

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Pharynx

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Muscular tube that serves as a passageway for both air and food.

System: Digestive and respiratory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Trachea

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Conduct air from pharynx to lungs

System: Respiratory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Lungs

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Site of gas exchange

System: Respiratory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Diaphragm

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Muscular sheet used to change pressure in thoracic cavity

System: Respiratory

Apomorphic trait (specific to mammals)

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Structure: Thyroid gland

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Produce thyroxine/regulate metabolism

System: Endocrine

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Thymus gland

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Produces T cells for immune function

System: Immune

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Right and left atria

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cavae and pumps it into the right ventricle and left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it into the left ventricle.

System: Circulatory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Pulmonary artery

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Direct blood from left ventricle to lungs

System: Circulatory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Coronary Artery

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Direct blood back to myocardium

System: Circulatory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Right and left ventricles

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, sending blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aortic valve into the aorta, distributing oxygen-rich blood to the entire body.

System: Circulatory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Interventricular Septum

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in ventricles

System: Circulatory

Apomorphic trait

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Structure: Spleen

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Used to recycle red blood corpuscles

System: Circulatory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Esophagus

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Conduct food from pharynx to stomach

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Stomach

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Site of mechanical digestion and protein digestion

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Pancreas

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Produce insulin/glucagon as well as pancreatic juice

System: Digestive and Endocrine

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Liver

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Produce bile to emulsify fats

System: Digestive and endocrine

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Gallbladder

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Temporary Storage of Bile

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Common bile duct

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Conducts bile from gallbladder and liver to the duodenum

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Small Intestine (Jejunum and Ileum)

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Chemical Digestion and Absorption

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Colon (Large Intestine)

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Water retention and elimination of solid waste

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Vermiform Appendix/Caecum

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Vestigial organ at juncture of Ileum and Colon

System: Digestive

Plesiomorphic trait (Caecum) Apomorphic (appendix)

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Structure: Kidney

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Paired organs used for retention of water and excretion of liquid wastes

System: Excretory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Ureters

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Conduct urine from kidney to urinary bladder

System: Excretory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Urinary bladder

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Temporary storage of urine prior to elimination from body

System: Excretory

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Ovary

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Site of gamete production in females

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Fallopian tubes

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Site of fertilization of ovum by sperm in females

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Urogenital Papillae

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Thumb like flap covering urogenital opening in females

System: Integumentary and reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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Structure: Testes

Organism: Sus scrofa (Pig)

Function: Site of gamete production in males

System: Reproductive

Plesiomorphic trait

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