Grade 11 General Science: Electricity and Fluid Mechanics Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering key definitions, principles, formulas, and hazards from General Science 1 Lesson 4 (Electricity) and Lesson 5 (Fluid Mechanics).

Electricity

A fundamental form of energy characterized by the movement of charged particles, primarily electrons.

Renewable Resource

Energy resources that can be replenished or regenerated naturally, such as solar, hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, and biomass.

Non-Renewable Resource

Energy resources that are limited on a human time scale, such as fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and nuclear resources.

Solar Energy

Energy originating from the sun that can be converted into electrical energy using solar panels and inverters.

Hydropower

Electricity generated by water pressure in dams and watersheds, utilizing high kinetic motion of running water.

Fossil Fuels

Energy sources derived from living things that lived millions of years ago, which release atmospheric carbon dioxide when burned.

Nuclear Reaction

A process occurring when atoms of one chemical element species are transformed into atoms of another species through nuclear change.

Nuclear Fusion

A nuclear reaction involving the combination of two light atomic nuclei to form a heavier element.

Nuclear Fission

A nuclear reaction involving the splitting of heavy atomic nuclei into lighter elements.

Geothermal Energy

Energy generated from the Earth's internal heat, derived from the terms $Geo$ (Earth) and $thermos$ (heat).

Biomass

Biological matter derived from living or recently deceased organisms, including wood, animal dung, and agricultural waste.

Residential Sector

The electricity usage sector comprising homes, apartments, and residential buildings, accounting for $25\%$ of total electricity consumption.

Commercial Sector

The electricity usage sector comprising offices, malls, schools, hospitals, and restaurants, accounting for $35\%$ of total electricity consumption.

Industrial Sector

The electricity usage sector comprising factories, mining operations, and production plants, accounting for $40\%$ of total electricity consumption.

Electric Shock

An electrical hazard occurring when electrical current passes through the body due to touching live wires, using devices with wet hands, or standing in water.

Electrical Fire

A fire caused by overheating, sparks, or faulty electrical systems such as overloaded outlets, short circuits, or old appliances.

Arc Flash

A sudden release of energy due to an electrical fault, creating intense heat and light that can cause severe burns, blindness, and hearing loss.

Overloaded Circuit

A condition occurring when too many devices are connected to one electrical circuit, causing overheating, tripped breakers, and fire risk.

Fluid

A substance—specifically a liquid or a gas—that has the ability to flow.

Fluid Mechanics

A branch of physics that studies how fluids move or behave under various conditions.

Density

A fluid property defined as mass per unit volume, calculated using the formula $\rho = \frac{m}{v}$.

Viscosity

A fluid property that measures a fluid's resistance to flow, describing how thick or sticky a fluid is.

Pressure

A fluid property defined as force exerted per unit area, calculated using the formula $P = \frac{F}{A}$.

Temperature

A physical quantity that measures the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules in a substance.

Fluid Statics

The study of fluids that are at rest or in a state of stable equilibrium.

Pascal's Principle

Principle stating that an increase in pressure at any point in a confined fluid produces an equal increase at every other point in the container ($P_1 = P_2$ or $\frac{F_1}{A_1} = \frac{F_2}{A_2}$).

Archimedes' Principle

Principle stating that the upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure exerted by a uniform fluid on an object, applied uniformly from all directions.

Flow Rate ($Q$)

A fluid dynamics quantity defined as the volume of fluid flowing through a given area each second.

Bernoulli's Principle

Principle stating that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in its static pressure.

Laminar Flow

Fluid motion characterized by smooth and streamlined flow paths.

Turbulent Flow

Fluid motion characterized by irregular, chaotic, and disorganized flow paths.

Continuity Equation

Equation stating that the total volume of fluid entering a pipe equals the total volume leaving plus any volume held back, expressed as $A_1 v_1 = A_2 v_2$.

Acute Radiation Sickness Threshold

A radiation exposure dose level of $2,000\,mSv$, which results in acute radiation sickness in humans.

Fatal Radiation Exposure Threshold

A radiation dose level of $10,000\,mSv$, which is fatal within days of exposure.