Intro to Bio Anthropology Exam 1

Grouped animals by shared traits and proposed the Scala Naturae (great chain of being), which arranged life from simple to complex with humans at the top

Aristotle

Greek philosopher and Plato’s essentialism and fixity of species

Plato

the father of modern taxonomy and developed the systema naturae (the system to classify animals)

Carolus Linnaeus

calculated the exact age of the Earth using the Bible

Archbishop James Ussher

British fossil collector who helped establish species extinction as a fact, found the first fossils of well-known species

Mary Anning

Father of paleontology, catastrophism

Georges Cuvier

described nature as connected and changing and argued that humans came from the “world of monkeys”

Ibn Khaldun

proposed that life gradually developed for minerals to plants, animals, and humans

Ibn Miskawayh

theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Wrote the “essay of principle of population”, populations grow faster than food supplies causing competition for limited resources

Thomas Malthus

Promoted uniformitarianism and influenced Darwin’s understanding of deep geological time

Charles Lyell

developed the theory of natural selection using evidence about variation, heredity, competition, survival, and reproduction

Charles Darwin

Independently developed natural selection, his work and Darwin were presented together

Alfred Russel Wallace

Described competition, environmental pressures, survival challenges, adaption, and hereditary in nature

al-Jahiz

used pea plants to discover that traits are inherited as separate units following predicable patterns

Johan Gregor Mendel

great chain of being, Aristoles’s fixed hierarchy of life from simple to complex with humans at the top

Scala naturae

the belief that every feature of an organism exist for a particular purpose, suggesting deliberate design

Teleology

the belief that every species has a fixed, ideal form and individual different are imperfect variations

Essentialism

the belief that species are permeant, unchain, and unable to transform into other species

Fixity of species

Lamarck incorrect idea that traits developed in an organisms lifetime can be passed to offspring

Theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Culture, religion, politics, laws, education and teacher preparation affect whether and how evolution is taught

Teaching evolution around the world (how culture, politics, and education shape what is

Linnaeus system for naming, classifying, and organizing living organisms

Systema Naturae

The classification of organisms in a system that reflects their relatedness

Taxonomy

What are the parts of the naming system

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

the two part naming system using capitalized genus and lower case species

Binomial nomenclature

Cuvier’s idea that Earth’s landscape and extinctions can be shaped by sudden violent events

Catastrophism

the idea that Earth’s features formed through slow, continuous processes operating over enormous periods

Uniformitarianism

Darwin’s book explaining that evolution through natural selection

On the Origin of Species

heritable difference cause some individuals to survive and reproduce more, making their traits more common over generations

Natural selection

an individuals reproductive success or ability to pass genes other the next generation

Fitness

humans choose organisms with desired traits to breed, cause this etraits to be more common (the pug)

Artificial selection

the combination of Darwins natural selection with Mendelian genetics, cell biology, and population genetics

Modern evolutionary synthesis

a change in allele frequencies within a population over generations

Evolution

how common alleles are within a population

Allele frequency

the complete collection of alleys in a breeding population

Gene pool

a permeant change in DNA and the only evolutionary force that creates completely new alleles

Mechanisms of evolution: Mutation

the movement of alleles between populations through migration and reproduction

Mechanisms of evolution: Gene flow

random changes in allele frequencies, especially in small populations

Mechanisms of evolution: Genetic drift

section favors one extreme phenotype, shifting that population to that extreme

Directional selection

selection that favors the average phenotype and selects against both extremes

Stabilizing (balancing) selection

election caused by difference in mating success, including mate choice and competition

Sexual selection

genetic drift by a drastic reduction in population size, reducing genetic variation

Genetic bottleneck

genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals establish a new population

Founder effect

allele pairs separate during the formation of reproductive cells

Mendel’s law of segregation

alleles of different genes assort indecently into gametes, especially when located on a different chromosome

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

in heterozygote the dominate allele determines the phenotype and make the recessive allele

Mendel’s law of dominance

the observable expression of a genotype, which might also be influenced by the environment

Phenotype

an organisms genetic makeup or combination of alleles

Genotype

an alternative version of a gene

Allele

Homozygous is two identical alleles and heterozygous is two different alleles

Homozygous vs. heterozygous

an allele masked in a heterozygote and normal only expressed only when two recessive alleles are present

Recessive allele

allele expressed in a heterozygote that mask recessive allele

dominat allele

specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Locus

a diagram showing the possible allele combinations offspring can inherit from their parents

Punnett square

a genetic cross between one gene or trait

Monohybrid cross

a genetic cross between two genes or traits

Dihybrid cross

a simple cell WITHOUT a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic cell

A complex cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cell

a tightly packed structure of DNA and proteins that stores genetic information

Chromosomes

an organelle that converts energy from food into ATP through cellular respiration

Mitochondria

is found in the mitochondria and usually inherited from the mother

Mitochondrial DNA

is in the nucleus and inherited from both parents

nuclear DNA

Somatic cells have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs, gametes have 23 chromosomes

Number of chromosomes in humans

a matching pair of chromosomes, one from each parent

Homologous chromosomes

Autosome is any chromosome other than the sex chromosome, 22 pairs vs sex chromosomes are usually XX or XY

Autosome vs. sex chromosome

any body cell other than sperm or egg, normally diploid

Somatic

the haploid sex cells produced through meiosis

gametic cells

having two sets of chromosomes vs one set of chromosomes

Diploid vs. haploid

the cycle in which a cell grows, copies its DNA, and divides

Cell cycle

Mitosis is cell division producing two genetically identical diploid cells

Mitosis

two rounds of division that produce 4 genetically different haploid gametes

meiosis

homologous chromosomes exchange DNA during prophase I, creating new combos

Crossing over (recombination)

failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division

Non-disjunction

conditions caused by changed in chromosome number or structure such as turner syndrome or trisomy 21 (three copies of chromosome)

Chromosomal disorders (as outcomes of non-disjunction)

early embryonic cells that eventually develop into sperm or eggs

Primordial cells (early cells that give rise to future cell lineages, including germline development)

double strand-ed molecule that stores genetic information, directs protein production and copies itself before cell division

DNA

building blocks of DNA and RNA, made of sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base, DNA bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and guanine, RNA: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine (A→T and C→G)

Nucleotide and nucleotide bases

a sequence of three mRNA and joins amino acids to build proteins

Codon

usually single stranded nucleic acid contains ribose sugar and uracil, mRNA is messenger RNA that carriers genetic instructions from DNA to a ribosome, tRNA (matchmaker) transfer RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to codons

RNA (mRNA, tRNA)

the structure that reads mMRNA and joins amino acids to build proteins

Ribosome

copying a genes DNA sequence into complementary RNA

Transcription

reading mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein

translation

the sequence retained in mature RNA after processing

Exon

a noncoding sequence removed from pre-mRNA

intron

a small molecule used as a building block of proteins

Amino acid

a folding chain of amino acids that performs structural, chemical, or regulatory functions and protein synthesis is making proteins through transcription and translation

Protein and protein synthesis

a change involving one DNA base pair

Point mutation

a mutation in which nucleotides are added to the DNA

Insertion mutation

a mutation in which nucleotides are removed from DNA

Deletion mutation

control of when, where, and how much of a gene is expressed

Gene regulation

changes in gene expression without changing the DNA sequence

Epigenetics

Techniques used to examine, copy, or modify DNA sequencing and gene editing

Genetic biotechnology

a group of inherited disorder that cause tumors to grow along nerves that may effect the skin, nervous system, hearing, vision, or bones

Neurofibromatosis (as an example of a genetic disorder)

small scale changes in allele frequencies within a population over short periods of time

Microevolution

large scale evolutionary patterns above the species level over long periods of time

macroevolution

a group of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from other groups

Species

fistic populations within one species that show consistent differences but can still interbreed

subspecies

a species consist of populations that can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other groups

Biological species concept

a species is an ancestral-descendant lineage that maintains its identity and evolutionary history separate from other lineages

Evolutionary species concept

a new species forms after a geographic barrier separates a population

Allopatric speciation