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What are organic compounds?
Compounds mainly made of carbon, often bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens.
What makes carbon special in forming many compounds?
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds, allowing chains, rings, and multiple bonds.
What are hydrocarbons?
Organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen.
What are the two classifications of hydrocarbons?
Aliphatic (chains, open) and Aromatic (rings with benzene).
What is an empirical formula?
Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
What is a molecular formula?
Actual number and kind of atoms in a molecule (e.g., C6H12O6).
What is a structural formula?
Shows how atoms are bonded (single, double, triple bonds).
What is an expanded structural formula?
Shows all bonds between atoms.
What is a condensed structural formula?
Simplified form showing atoms but omitting some bond lines.
What are alkanes?
Saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds (CnH2n+2).
What are alkenes?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond (CnH2n).
What are alkynes?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond (CnH2n-2).
Give an example of each hydrocarbon class.
Methane (alkane), Ethene (alkene), Ethyne (alkyne).
How does boiling point change with more carbons?
Boiling point increases as number of carbon atoms increases.
What is a functional group?
A specific group of atoms responsible for a compound's chemical properties.
What is the functional group of alcohols?
Hydroxyl group (-OH).
What is the functional group of ethers?
-O- (oxygen atom bonded to two hydrocarbons).
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
-COOH (carbonyl + hydroxyl).
What is the functional group of aldehydes?
-CHO (carbonyl group at end of chain).
What is the functional group of ketones?
C=O (carbonyl group within the chain).
What is the functional group of esters?
-COO- (formed from alcohol + carboxylic acid).
What is the functional group of amines?
-NH2 (or variations R-NH-R').
What is the functional group of amides?
-CONH2 (carboxyl + amino group).
What is the functional group of alkyl halides?
R-X (where X is a halogen like F, Cl, Br, I).
Use of alcohols?
Fuel, disinfectant, liquor, antiseptic.
Use of ethers?
Solvent, anesthetic.
Use of carboxylic acids?
Citric acid in fruits, vinegar (acetic acid).
Use of aldehydes?
Formalin (preservative).
Use of ketones?
Acetone as solvent, nail polish remover.
Use of esters?
Sweet-smelling, flavors, fragrances, oils.
Use of amines?
Found in fishy odors, decaying flesh.
Use of amides?
Found in proteins, silk, nylon, wool.
Use of alkyl halides?
Teflon coating in cookware.
Which of the following is used to express the structure of atoms?
Chemical formula
What is the empirical formula for C8H16O2?
C4H8O
What is the structural formula of covalent bonds represented by?
Lines
Which shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound?
Empirical Formula
Which alkene will most likely have the highest boiling point?
Pentene
Which compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen?
Hydrocarbons
Which hydrocarbon has a double bond in the molecule?
Propene
A molecule with a triple bond belongs to which group?
Alkyne
Which alkane will most likely have the highest boiling point?
Hexane
Why is it important to know the properties of common liquids?
To know their uses, effects, and possible dangers
Which compound has a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom?
Alcohol
Which contains the carbonyl group with substituents R and R?
Ketone
Which contains the carbonyl group with substituents R and H?
Aldehyde
Which is formed by the reaction of acids and amines?
Amides
Aside from carboxylic acid, what else is needed to form esters?
Alcohol