Module 6: Organic Compounds

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48 Terms

1
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What are organic compounds?

Compounds mainly made of carbon, often bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens.

2
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What makes carbon special in forming many compounds?

Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds, allowing chains, rings, and multiple bonds.

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What are hydrocarbons?

Organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen.

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What are the two classifications of hydrocarbons?

Aliphatic (chains, open) and Aromatic (rings with benzene).

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What is an empirical formula?

Simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.

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What is a molecular formula?

Actual number and kind of atoms in a molecule (e.g., C6H12O6).

7
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What is a structural formula?

Shows how atoms are bonded (single, double, triple bonds).

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What is an expanded structural formula?

Shows all bonds between atoms.

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What is a condensed structural formula?

Simplified form showing atoms but omitting some bond lines.

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What are alkanes?

Saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds (CnH2n+2).

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What are alkenes?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond (CnH2n).

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What are alkynes?

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond (CnH2n-2).

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Give an example of each hydrocarbon class.

Methane (alkane), Ethene (alkene), Ethyne (alkyne).

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How does boiling point change with more carbons?

Boiling point increases as number of carbon atoms increases.

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What is a functional group?

A specific group of atoms responsible for a compound's chemical properties.

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What is the functional group of alcohols?

Hydroxyl group (-OH).

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What is the functional group of ethers?

-O- (oxygen atom bonded to two hydrocarbons).

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What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

-COOH (carbonyl + hydroxyl).

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What is the functional group of aldehydes?

-CHO (carbonyl group at end of chain).

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What is the functional group of ketones?

C=O (carbonyl group within the chain).

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What is the functional group of esters?

-COO- (formed from alcohol + carboxylic acid).

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What is the functional group of amines?

-NH2 (or variations R-NH-R').

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What is the functional group of amides?

-CONH2 (carboxyl + amino group).

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What is the functional group of alkyl halides?

R-X (where X is a halogen like F, Cl, Br, I).

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Use of alcohols?

Fuel, disinfectant, liquor, antiseptic.

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Use of ethers?

Solvent, anesthetic.

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Use of carboxylic acids?

Citric acid in fruits, vinegar (acetic acid).

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Use of aldehydes?

Formalin (preservative).

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Use of ketones?

Acetone as solvent, nail polish remover.

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Use of esters?

Sweet-smelling, flavors, fragrances, oils.

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Use of amines?

Found in fishy odors, decaying flesh.

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Use of amides?

Found in proteins, silk, nylon, wool.

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Use of alkyl halides?

Teflon coating in cookware.

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Which of the following is used to express the structure of atoms?

Chemical formula

35
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What is the empirical formula for C8H16O2?

C4H8O

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What is the structural formula of covalent bonds represented by?

Lines

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Which shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound?

Empirical Formula

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Which alkene will most likely have the highest boiling point?

Pentene

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Which compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen?

Hydrocarbons

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Which hydrocarbon has a double bond in the molecule?

Propene

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A molecule with a triple bond belongs to which group?

Alkyne

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Which alkane will most likely have the highest boiling point?

Hexane

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Why is it important to know the properties of common liquids?

To know their uses, effects, and possible dangers

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Which compound has a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom?

Alcohol

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Which contains the carbonyl group with substituents R and R?

Ketone

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Which contains the carbonyl group with substituents R and H?

Aldehyde

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Which is formed by the reaction of acids and amines?

Amides

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Aside from carboxylic acid, what else is needed to form esters?

Alcohol