AP Human Geography Unit 2 Comprehensive Review

Flashcards reviewing Unit 2 of AP Human Geography, covering population distribution, densities, composition, demographic and epidemiologic transition models, Malthusian theory, population policies, and migration patterns.

What are the four major population clusters where over two-thirds of the world's population resides?

South Asia (e.g., India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka), East Asia (e.g., China, Japan, Korea), Southeast Asia (e.g., Thailand, The Philippines, Vietnam), and Europe.

How does the primary geographical clustering of Europe differ from the major population clusters in Asia?

While the Asian population clusters are located primarily near rivers and oceans, Europe's population is clustered closer to natural resources due to the impact of the Industrial Revolution.

What is the formula used to calculate arithmetic density?

Arithmetic density is calculated by dividing the total number of individuals living in an area by the total land area of that geographic area.

What is physiological density and how is it calculated?

Physiological density measures the pressure a population exerts on the environment to feed itself, and it is calculated by dividing the total number of people by the total amount of arable land.

What does a high agricultural density indicate about a country's agricultural system?

A high agricultural density indicates a reliance on manual labor and farmhands to cultivate crops, whereas a low agricultural density indicates a high degree of mechanization and technological advancement.

What is meant by an environment's carrying capacity?

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that an environment can support indefinitely without damaging it.

What three age categories or cohorts are used to evaluate life stages on a population pyramid?

Pre-reproductive years (ages 0 to 14), reproductive years (ages 15 to 44), and post-reproductive years (ages 45 and above).

How is the sex ratio of a population calculated?

The sex ratio is calculated by taking the number of male births in a society, dividing it by the number of female births, and multiplying the result by 100.

How is the overall dependency ratio calculated?

$$\frac{\text{Children (0--14)} + \text{Elderly (65+)}}{\text{Working Age Population (15--64)}} \times 100$$

What is the formula for calculating the Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?

NIR is calculated by subtracting the Crude Death Rate (CDR) from the Crude Birth Rate (CBR).

What Total Fertility Rate (TFR) serves as the standard replacement rate for a population?

A TFR of 2.1 is considered the replacement rate.

What are the key demographic characteristics of Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model?

Stage 1 features a high CBR and high CDR, resulting in a low NIR, with most of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture.

What demographic change initiates Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model?

The Crude Death Rate (CDR) drops significantly due to technological, medical, and agricultural advancements, while the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) remains high, producing a high NIR and a population boom.

What is Zero Population Growth (ZPG) and in which stage of the Demographic Transition Model does it occur?

Zero Population Growth occurs in Stage 4 when the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) are essentially equal, resulting in an NIR of zero.

What causes of death characterize Stage 5 of the Epidemiologic Transition Model?

The resurgence of infectious and parasitic diseases caused by disease evolution/antibiotic resistance, increased poverty and urbanization, and rapid global travel.

What was Thomas Malthus's core premise regarding human population growth and food production?

Malthus argued that human population grows exponentially, while food production increases at an arithmetic rate, inevitably leading to a catastrophe where population exceeds carrying capacity.

How do Neo-Malthusians expand upon Thomas Malthus's original theory?

Neo-Malthusians expand the theory beyond food production, asserting that the world's finite supply of all natural resources will be depleted as the global population continues to grow.

What is the primary difference between pronatalist and antinatalist policies?

Pronatalist policies are designed to encourage people to have more children in countries with low or negative NIR, while antinatalist policies aim to reduce the birth rate in societies experiencing excessive population growth.

How is the maternal mortality rate (MMR) measured?

It is measured as the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy.

According to Ravenstein's laws of migration, what is the primary motivation for most human migration?

Most migration occurs for economic reasons.

What distinguishes a refugee from an internally displaced person (IDP)?

A refugee has crossed an internationally recognized border to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster, whereas an IDP has fled their home for similar reasons but remains within their home country.

What is transhumance migration?

Transhumance migration is a cyclical, seasonal movement of livestock between highland pastures in the summer months and lowland valleys in the winter months.

What is the difference between intraregional migration and interregional migration?

Intraregional migration is the movement of people within the same geographic region, while interregional migration is the movement of people from one geographic region to another.

What is brain drain?

Brain drain is the phenomenon where skilled laborers, educated professionals, and intellectuals leave a geographic area in favor of another area that offers better economic or professional opportunities.