DAT Ch 1 Biochemistry

Atom

Single unit made up of neutrons, protons, and electrons.

Molecule

Groups of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds due to electron interactions.

Macromolecule

Large molecules (polymers) formed from the bonding of smaller molecules (monomers).

Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom of very different electronegativity.

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons between atoms of similar electronegativities.

Nonpolar Bond

Equal electron sharing.

Polar Bond

Unequal electron sharing that forms a dipole.

Hydrogen Bond

Weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (such as F, O, or N).

Dehydration Reaction

Links monomers to form polymers while forming water in the process.

Hydrolysis

Uses water to break polymers into monomers.

Amino Acid

Monomer of proteins.

Peptide

Polymer of proteins.

Peptide Bond

Linkage type in proteins.

Monosaccharide

Monomer of carbohydrates.

Polysaccharide

Polymer of carbohydrates stored as energy.

Glycosidic Linkage

Linkage type in carbohydrates.

Hydrocarbon

Monomer of lipids.

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids.

Phosphodiester Bond

Linkage type in nucleic acids.

Triglyceride

Lipid consisting of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Phospholipid

Lipid with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone.

Steroid

Lipid made of three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring.

Nitrogenous Base

Component of nucleotides, includes A, T, C, G in DNA.

Chargaff’s Rule

A & T, and G & C are always present in equal amounts in DNA.

Primary Structure

Linear chain sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Secondary Structure

Local folding of the protein chain into α-helices or β-sheets.

Tertiary Structure

3D shape of a protein due to noncovalent interactions between R groups.

Quaternary Structure

3D protein shape consisting of 2 or more separate peptide chains.