Bio Exam 3 Concepts

What is the driving force of all passive transports?

The concentration gradient

Mitosis

Asexual Eukaryotic Cell reproduction through cell splitting

Binary Fission

Prokaryotes form of Mitosis, where cells split into two identical cells

Meiosis

Ability to form cells with rearranged and redistributed genetic information forming gametes for sexual reproduction/spores

The phase before mitosis

Interphase

the 3 phases of interphase

1. G1(Gap 1)

2. S(Synthesis)

3. G2(Gap 2)

What happens in Gap 1 of interphase?

Cells grow larger, copy organelles, and synthesize molecular building blocks needed for following phases.

What happens in S “Synthesis” Phase?

New nuclear membranes form

What happens in G2(Gap 2) Phase?

Cells continue to grow and prep for cell division of mitosis

Which is the most important phase of Interphase and why?

The S/Synthesis phase because it is the exact copying of original DNA into two identical copies - when DNA replication occurs

Cytokinesis

(DNA replication) Splitting of one cell into two identical daughter cells

Stages of Mitosis

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

What substances use facilitated diffusion?

Sugars, amino acids, ions, and water

Prophase

First stage of mitosis where chromosomes are first visible as butterflies and centrioles start to migrate in the cell(pole war)

What do plants lack?

Asters

Chromosome’s lookalike

Butterfly

Three parts of Chromosome

1. Two chromatids (butterfly wings)

2. Centromere resembling (butterfly’s body)

What are 3 kinds of endocytosis?

1. Phagoctosis

2. Pincytosis

3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Metaphase

Second phase of Mitosis where chromosomes are aligned on equator of cell

Anaphase

3rd phase of mitosis where the chromatids separate and migrate toward opposite cell poles

Telophase

4th stage of mitosis where chromatids start to unravel into DNA and two new nuclear membranes form

Explain ATP exergonic transformation to endergonic

Exergonic processes phosphorylation ADP to form ATP, ATP transfers energy to endergonic processes by phosphorylating other molecules

List the 4 steps of enzyme’s catalytic cycle

1. Enzyme is available with empty active site

2. Substance binds to enzyme with induced fit

3. Substrate is converted to products

4. Products are released

Can a light microscope show small cell details?

No

What are the 2 requirements for a cell’s size?

Cells must be large enough to house DNA’s, proteins, and structures + Small enough to allow exchange with the environment

What microscope is best for living organisms and why?

Light microscopes because SEM and TEM’s kill specimen’s in process of microscopic evaluation

What is the volume and surface area relationship between small and large cells?

Large cells have smaller surface area relative to their volume compared to small cells.

What 3 things do all cells have?

Plasma Membrane, Chromosomes, Ribosomes

What 4 things might the surface of prokaryotic cells have?

Pili, Cell wall, capsule, flagella

What organelles are not found in plant cells?

Lysosomes and centrioles

What organelles are not found in animal cells?

Rigid cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuole

What is the relationship between protein synthesis and ribosomes in a cell?

Large amounts of protein synthesis = large number of ribosomes

What 2 locations are ribosomes found?

Free Ribosomes and bound ribosomes

What does smooth E.R. Do?

• Produces enzymes for synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipids, and steroids

• Produces enzymes to help process drugs, alcohol, and other harmful substances

• Helps store calcium ions

What does rough E.R. Do?

• Creates additional membrane for itself

• Creates proteins for secretions

The 3 steps of lysosomes helping digest food particles

1. Food vacuole binds with lysosome

2. Enzymes in lysosome digest the food

3. Nutrients is released into cell

What are the 2 internal compartments of the mitochondria?

Inter membrane Space and mitochondrial matrix

What 2 appendages are similar in structure and movement?

Cilia and flagellum

What are both flagella and cilia made of?

Microtubles wrapped in extension of plasma membrane

How many electrons does carbon have?

4 outer electrons

What are 4 carbon skeleton characteristics?

-Vary in length

-Can be branched(isobutane) an unbranched(butane)

-may have double bonds

-may be arranged in rings(Ex. Benzene)

What are the 2 types of carbonyl groups?

Aldehyde and Ketone

What is the general molecular formula of monosaccharides?

CH20

What do most names for sugar end in?

-ose

2 Benefits of Fat

1. 1 gam of fat energy is 2x more energy from a gram of starch

2. Fat Tissues cushion vital organs and insulate the body

Examples of Naturation

• Changes in salt concentration

• Changes in pH

• Excessive heat

What are the 2 protein secondary structures?

Pleated Sheet and Alpha Helix

What 2 bonds maintain secondary structures?

Regularly spaced hydrogen and oxygen bonds

How many elements are essential to life

25 Chemical elements

What 4 elements make up 96% of the human body & most living organisms, being the main ingredients of biological molecules like proteins, sugars, and fats.

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

How many elements are in nature

92

Trace Elements that prevent disease

Iron for oxygen transport and iodine for production of thyroid hormones

Are compounds or Pure elements more common?

Compounds

How many atoms does an element consist of?

One atom

What is the relationship between electrons and the nucleus?

Electrons rapidly orbit exterior of nucleus, the negativity of electrons + the positivity of the protons = electrons staying near nucleus.

What subatomic particle is directly involved in chemical activity?

Electrons

Does an electron have greater or lesser energy when further from the nucleus?

Greater energy

What determines chemical properties of an atom?

The number of electrons in outermost shell

What is the relationship between the 4 main elements and the electron shell?

The 4 main elements have incomplete outer shells and are reactive.

What must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds?

Heat

What forms for heat to be released?

Hydrogen Bonds

Explain the density difference between 2 forms of water

Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid due to crystalline formation of ice that pulls hydrogen bonds farther apart than in liquids.

Where does water’s versatility come from?

Polarity of water’s molecules

What is proper ion balance critical for?

Chemical processes within an organism

What is the range of the pH scale?

0:most acidic → 14:most basic

What pH does pure water and some aqueous solutions have?

Ph of 7