Cosmetology I Chapter 2: General Anatomy and Physiology

Vocabulary practice flashcards for Chapter 2 General Anatomy and Physiology in Cosmetology I, covering key terms across cell structures, tissues, body systems, osteology, myology, neurology, and circulation.

Anatomy

The study of human body structures, how body parts are arranged, and how structures are connected.

Gross anatomy

Another name for anatomy when studying body structures that can be seen without a microscope.

Physiology

The study of the functions and activities performed by the body and its structures.

Scope of practice

The services and professional activities a cosmetologist is legally trained and authorized to perform. A cosmetologist may observe and refer concerns but may not diagnose or medically treat disease.

Structure

The physical form, location, and organization of a body part.

Function

The specific job or activity performed by a cell, tissue, organ, or body system.

Cell

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

Protoplasm

The living material that makes up a cell and contains water, nutrients, and mineral salts.

Nucleus

The specialized control center of most cells. It contains genetic material and regulates cell growth and reproduction.

Cytoplasm

The watery material surrounding the nucleus. It supports cell structures and contains enzymes that help break down molecules.

Cell membrane

The thin, protective outer boundary of a cell. It is semipermeable, allowing selected substances to enter or leave.

Semipermeable

Able to permit certain substances to pass through while restricting others.

Mitosis

Cell reproduction in which one cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells.

Metabolism

All chemical processes through which cells use nutrients and convert them into energy.

Anabolism

The energy-requiring process that combines simple molecules to build more complex molecules.

Catabolism

The energy-releasing process that breaks complex molecules into simpler molecules.

Tissue

A group of similar cells organized to perform a specific function.

Epithelial tissue

Protective covering and lining tissue found in the skin, glands, mouth, heart lining, mucous membranes, and digestive and respiratory organs.

Connective tissue

Fibrous tissue that binds, supports, protects, and connects other tissues and organs; examples include bone and blood.

Muscle tissue

Tissue that contracts to create movement in the body and its organs.

Nerve tissue

Tissue that receives and carries messages, helping the brain coordinate and control body functions.

Organ

A structure made of specialized tissues working together to perform one or more specific functions.

Body system

A group of organs and related structures that work together to perform major body functions.

Organism

A complete living thing formed by interacting body systems; the human body is an organism.

Circulatory system

Moves blood through the heart and vessels to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, immune cells, and wastes.

Digestive system

Breaks food into nutrients that the body can use and prepares waste for elimination.

Endocrine system

Uses hormones to regulate growth, development, reproduction, metabolism, and overall health.

Excretory system

Removes wastes and reduces toxin buildup through organs including the kidneys, liver, lungs, skin, and large intestine.

Immune system

Protects the body from pathogens, toxins, and disease; it works closely with the lymphatic system.

Integumentary system

Includes the skin, hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands, and sensory receptors; protects and helps regulate temperature.

Muscular system

Covers, supports, and moves the skeleton through muscle contraction and also contributes to posture and stability.

Nervous system

Coordinates body systems, processes sensory information, and directs responses to the environment.

Reproductive system

Produces sex cells and hormones and makes reproduction possible.

Respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body and eliminates carbon dioxide through the lungs and air passages.

Skeletal system

Forms the body framework, protects organs, supports movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

Osteology

The scientific study of bones.

Joint

The point at which two or more bones connect.

Skull

The skeleton of the head, divided into the cranium and facial skeleton.

Cranium

The eight-bone case that encloses and protects the brain.

Frontal bone

The bone that forms the forehead.

Parietal bones

Two bones that form the top and upper sides of the cranium.

Temporal bones

Two bones that form the sides of the head around the ears.

Occipital bone

The bone forming the back and lower portion of the cranium above the nape.

Sphenoid bone

The bone that forms part of the base and sides of the skull.

Ethmoid bone

A light bone between the eye sockets that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.

Facial skeleton

The framework of the face, composed of fourteen bones.

Zygomatic bones

The cheekbones; they form the prominence of the cheeks and part of the eye sockets.

Maxillae

Two bones that form the upper jaw.

Mandible

The largest and strongest facial bone; it forms the lower jaw.

Hyoid bone

A U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and throat muscles.

Cervical vertebrae

Seven bones below the skull that support the head and provide neck flexibility.

Clavicle

The collarbone, which connects the sternum with the scapula.

Scapula

The shoulder blade; a large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder.

Humerus

The largest bone of the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

Radius

The smaller forearm bone located on the thumb side.

Ulna

The larger forearm bone located on the little-finger side.

Carpus

The wrist, formed by eight small bones called carpals.

Metacarpus

The five metacarpal bones forming the palm between the wrist and fingers.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers and toes, also called digits.

Tibia

The larger lower-leg bone on the big-toe side; it supports most body weight.

Myology

The study of muscle structure, function, and disease.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary striated muscle found only in the heart.

Involuntary muscle

Muscle that works without conscious control, including smooth muscle involved in breathing and digestion.

Voluntary muscle

Striated muscle controlled consciously to create body movement.

Origin

The relatively fixed muscle attachment located closest to the skeleton.

Insertion

The movable muscle attachment located farther from the skeleton.

Belly

The middle, fleshy portion of a muscle.

Tendon

Strong fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone.

Epicranius

The broad scalp muscle formed by the frontalis and occipitalis; also called the occipitofrontalis.

Frontalis

The front portion of the epicranius; raises the eyebrows, moves the scalp forward, and wrinkles the forehead.

Occipitalis

The rear portion of the epicranius; draws the scalp backward.

Platysma

A broad neck muscle that lowers the lower jaw and lower lip.

Sternocleidomastoideus

A neck muscle that lowers and rotates the head.

Corrugator

A small muscle between the eyebrows that draws them downward and creates vertical forehead lines.

Procerus

The muscle over the bridge of the nose that lowers the eyebrows and wrinkles the bridge.

Temporalis

A temple muscle that helps open and close the jaw.

Orbicularis oculi

The circular eye muscle that closes the eyelids and assists tear movement.

Orbicularis oris

The circular mouth muscle that closes, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.

Masseter

A strong chewing muscle that raises the mandible and closes the mouth.

Buccinator

The cheek muscle that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.

Neurology

The study of nervous-system structure, function, and disorders.

Brain

The complex control organ that processes information and directs body functions.

Spinal cord

The central nervous tissue extending from the brain down through the spinal column.

Nerves

Bundles of nerve fibers that transmit electrical impulses through the body.

Autonomic nervous system

The division that controls involuntary activity in smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, the heart, and breathing.

Central nervous system

The brain and spinal cord; it receives information, processes it, and coordinates responses.

Peripheral nervous system

All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord that carry information to and from the central nervous system.

Sensory nerves

Afferent nerves that carry messages about heat, cold, pressure, pain, sight, sound, smell, and taste toward the brain and spinal cord.

Motor nerves

Efferent nerves that carry commands from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.

Reflex

A rapid, automatic response in which a sensory impulse reaches the spinal cord and a motor impulse directs a reaction.

Cardiovascular system

Another name for the circulatory system, emphasizing the heart and vessels.

Heart

A muscular, cone-shaped organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system.

Pulmonary circulation

The route that carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and returns oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Systemic circulation

The route that sends oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body and returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

Arteries

Thick-walled, flexible vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Lymphatic system

The network of lymph, vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus, and immune tissues that returns fluid and helps defend against infection.

Lymph

Clear or pale-yellow fluid containing white blood cells that travels through lymph vessels.

Lymph vessels

Thin vessels that collect excess tissue fluid and transport lymph toward the bloodstream.

Lymph nodes

Small filtering structures that trap bacteria, viruses, abnormal cells, and debris from lymph.

Spleen

An organ that filters blood, removes old blood cells, and supports immune response.