A & P Practical 1

skull

Cranial

Face

Facial

Neck

Cervical

head

Cephalic

Armpit

Axillary

Arm

Brachial

Front of elbow

Antecubital

Wrist

Carpal

Palm

palmar

Fingers

Digital or phalangeal

thigh

Femoral

Anterior surface of knee

Patellar

Leg

Cural

Ankle

Tarsal

Toes

Digital or Phalangeal

Foot

Pedal

Big toe

Hallux

top of foot

Dorsum

Hand

Manual

Thumb

pollex

groin

inguinal

hip

Coxal

Shoulder

acromial

shoulder blade

scapular

spinal column

vertebral

Back of elbow

cubital

between hips

sacral

tail bone

coccygeal

buttox

gluteal

region between anus and external genitals

Perineal

Hollow behind knee

Popiteal

calf

sural

sole

plantar

heel

calcaneal

back of hand

dorsum

Frontal Plane

Sagittal Plane

Transverse Plane

Frontal Plane: divides anterior and posterior axis

Sagittal Plane: medial and lateral axis

Transverse Plane: Superior and inferior axis

Ventral

Dorsal

Anterior

Posterior

Cephalic

Rostral

Caudal

Superior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

Superficial

Deep

Ventral- towards the front or belly

Dorsal-towards spine

Anterior-towards ventral side

Posterior-towards dorsal side

Cephalic-towards head

Rostral-toward the forehead or nose

Caudal- toward the tail or inferior end

Superior-above

Inferior-below

Medial-toward median plane

Lateral-away from median plane

Proximal-closer to the point of attachment

Distal-farther from the point of attachment

Ipsilateral-same side

Contralateral-opposite sides

Superficial-closer to body surface

Deep-farther from body surface

Quadrants

Right Upper Quadrant

Left Upper Quadrant

Right Lower Quadrant

Left Lower Quadrant

9 sections of abdomen

Right Hypochondriac | Epigastric | Left Hypochondriac

Right Lumbar | umbilical | left lumbar

Right Inguinal | Hypogastric | Left inguinal

Cavaties

Cranial

Vertebral

Thoracic

Diaphragm

Abdominal

Pelvic

Pericardial

Thoracic Cavity

Divided from Abdominopelvic cavity by diaphragm

Thoracic cavity divided by mediastinum

Mediastinum houses the heart

pleurae lines the lungs

pericardium lines the heart

Abdominal cavity

Contains most digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, ureters

Epithelial tissue functions

protections

secretion

excretion

absorption

filtration

sensation

Simple Squamous-allows rapid diffusion of gasses

Simple Cuboidal-absorption and secretion

Simple Columnar-absorption and secretion of mucus

Stratified Cuboidal-swear secretion; secretes ovarian hormones

Pseudostratified Columnar/ Goblet-secretes and produces mucus

Cilla

Microvilli

Transitional Epithelium/urothelium

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Connective Tissue Function

Binding of organs

Support

physical protection

immune protection

movement

storage

heat production

transport

Fibrous CT fiber types

Collagenous fibers-made of collagen, tough and flexible, resists stretching

reticular fibers-thin collagen fibers, form spongelike network for such organs and constitute part of basement membranes

elastic fibers-thinner than collagenous fibers, allows stretch and recoil

Areolar Tissue (loose)

Fibroblasts

Adipocytes

Reticular (loose)

Dense regular connective tissue

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Cartilage

Stiff and rubbery material, made of chondroblasts, which then encase themselves into a cavity called a lacunae, then they are called chondrocyte

Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Bone

3 main Skin layers

Epidermis-outer epithelial

Dermis-middle layer comprised of CT, skin appendages, off shoots of nervous tissue and blood vessels

hypodermis-fat, nervous tissue, blood vessels

Cells of epidermis

Keratinocytes: produce keratin, majority of cells in epithelium

Stem cells:cells involved in cell production reside in stratum basale

melanocytes:in stratum basale, produce melanin and protect DNA from UV rays

Tactile cells: initiate touch perception, found in basal and linked with nerve endings in dermal layer

Dendritic: in stratum spinosum and granulosum, immune cells

Know cube

Layers of epithelium (deep to superficial)

Stratum basale: single layers of simple cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes. Also home to stem cells, melanocytes, and tactile cells. stem cells divide into keratinocytes an migrate superficially

stratum spinosum: several layers of keratinocytes. Thickest portion on histological section (except palms and soles its stratum corneum)

Stratum granulosum: 3-4 layers of keratinocytes, appear as darker stain

stratum lucidum: thin layer which appears clear

Stratum corneum: thick superfifical layer of dead keratinized cells.

know diagram

Dermis

CT Layer comprised mostly of collagen, but also some reticular and elastic fibers

Good blood supply, cutaneous glands, nerve endings

dermal papilae are finger like projections which act as a locking mechanism

2 zones of dermis: papillary and reticular

Papillary layer composed of areolar CT near dermal papillae rich in leukocytes and small blood vessels

Reticular layer thicker layer comprised of dense irregular CT tissue

Hypodermis

Fat layer rich in blood vessels and areolar CT

Hair

Also known as pilus, grow from hair follicle

portion of hair above skin is shaft, beneath skin is the root, bulb is base of hair grown around highly vascularized CT called dermal papilla

directly above papilla is the hair matrix (growth center)

hair medulla is the inner layer while bulky outer layer is cortex

each hair has an arrector muscle controlled by ANS

know diagram

Glands

5 kinds of glands: eccrine, apocrine, sebaceous, ceruminous, mammillary

Eccrine glands

Stratified cuboidal epithelium throughout body use for cooling

Apocrine Gland

Located in anus, groin, beard, axilla, and areola regions

ducts of these glands lead to nearby hair follicles, not directly to skin

Sebaceous Gland

Produce sebum, short ducts that also lead into hair follicles. Oily secretion that prevent hair and skin from drying out

Ceruminous Glands

Produce cerum (earwax)

Mammary gland

modified apocrine gland, produces milk found in females only

Nails

Hard derivatives of stratum corneum

hard part of nail is nail plate

nail plate consists of: free edge(portion that hangs over the finger), nail body (visible part attached to finger), nail root(continuation of nail under skin)

Skin that rises above the nail root is the nail fold

nail groove is space around the nail body

skin under the nail plate is the nail bed

epidermal layer of the nail plate is called hyponychium

Nails Cont

Stratum basale at the proximal end of the nail hardens and is called nail matrix

apaque clear base of the nail is called the lunule

cuticle overhands the nail at the proximal end

Know diagram

Features of Bone

Flat bones: thin curved bones found in cranium, sternum, scapula, ribs, pelvis

long bones: limbs, comprised of a dense over layer called compact or cortical bone

Cortical none encompasses the marrow cavity

spongy bone fills the central space along the ends of the bones

Shaft of the long bone is the diaphysis with an expanded head on each end called the epiphysis

Epiphyseal line is the location of fusion between the epiphysis ad diaphysis in mature bone. This epiphyseal plate in developing bone

articular cartilage (hylaline) lines the ends of space where movement occurs

bones are covered by a periosteum externally

Know Diagram

know difference and where each type of bone can be found