Children's Eyewitness Identification: Social vs. Cognitive Factors

False Positive Responding

Incorrect identification of an innocent person.

Target-Present Lineup

Lineup includes the actual culprit.

Target-Absent Lineup

Lineup does not include the actual culprit.

Correct Identification Rate

Percentage of accurate identifications made.

Correct Rejection Rate

Percentage of correct non-identifications made.

Social Factors

Influences from social context on decision-making.

Cognitive Factors

Mental processes affecting memory and recognition.

Identification Evidence

Testimony based on recognizing individuals.

Eyewitness Testimony

Account given by a witness regarding an event.

Children's Identification Abilities

Children's capacity to accurately identify individuals.

Meta-Analysis

Study combining results from multiple studies.

Familiar Targets

Known individuals, like cartoon characters.

Unfamiliar Targets

Unknown individuals, like human faces.

Age Group Comparison

Analysis of different age groups' performance.

Higher False Positive Rate

Increased likelihood of incorrect identifications.

Innocent Person

Individual wrongly identified as the culprit.

Lineup Task Demands

Cognitive and social requirements of identification tasks.

Witness Selection

Process of choosing an individual from a lineup.

Identification Accuracy

Precision of recognizing the correct individual.

Child Eyewitness

A child serving as a witness in a case.

Culprit Familiarity

Prior knowledge of the suspect by the witness.

Research Support

Funding or backing for a study's execution.

Wrongful Conviction

Innocent person convicted due to errors in evidence.

Cognitive Factors

Mental processes influencing memory and identification.

Social Factors

Influences from social context affecting decision-making.

Target-Present Lineup

Lineup where the suspect is present.

Target-Absent Lineup

Lineup where the suspect is not present.

Identification Errors

Mistakes made in recognizing individuals in lineups.

Social Pressure

Influence to conform to expectations in social situations.

Authority Figure

Individual with perceived power influencing behavior.

False Positive Rate

Frequency of incorrect identifications in lineups.

Correct Identification Rate

Accuracy in identifying the actual suspect.

Non-Response

Failure to make a selection in a lineup.

Selection Demand

Expectation to choose someone from a lineup.

Biased Lineup Instructions

Guidance suggesting a specific choice in lineups.

Neutral Lineup Instructions

Guidance without bias towards any individual.

Higher False Positive Rate

Increased incorrect identifications, especially in children.

Pressure to Identify

Urgency felt to make a selection in lineups.

Cognitive Demand

Mental effort required to process information.

Social Demands

Expectations from social interactions during tasks.

Children's Responses

Behavioral patterns of children in identification tasks.

Adult Responses

Behavioral patterns of adults in identification tasks.

Experimenter Influence

Impact of experimenter's expectations on participant choices.

Compliance Pressure

Fear of negative consequences for not responding.

Familiar Target Lineup

Lineup featuring a previously known individual.

Proportion Increase

Relative change in false positives between groups.

Identification

Combination of social and cognitive processes.

Cognitive Demand Lineup Task

Task with nearly 100% correct identification rate.

False Positives

Incorrect identifications due to social pressures.

Target-Present Lineup

Lineup where the correct target is included.

Target-Absent Lineup

Lineup without the correct target present.

Social Factors

Influences affecting identification based on social context.

Cognitive Factors

Mental processes influencing identification accuracy.

Within-Subjects Design

Research design comparing same participants across conditions.

Correct Identification Rate

Percentage of accurate identifications in a lineup.

Correct Rejection Rate

Percentage of accurate non-identifications in a lineup.

Young Children

Participants aged 4 to 7 years in study.

Adults

Participants older than 18 years in study.

Media Awareness Network

Organization providing statistics on children's media consumption.

Television Consumption

Average hours children watch TV weekly.

Animated Programs

Majority of children's programming consists of cartoons.

Familiar Targets

Recognizable stimuli for participants, like cartoon characters.

Human Face Stimuli

Used to compare identification with familiar cartoon faces.

Baseline Comparison

Using human faces to understand identification patterns.

Correct Rejection

Accurate decision to not identify a non-target.

Predictions

Expected outcomes based on study hypotheses.

Age Range

Participants aged 4 to 7 years, mean age 4.98.

Participants Count

Total of 59 young children in the study.

Social Demands

Pressure influencing children's identification decisions.

Identification Patterns

Trends in how participants recognize faces.

Participants

53 adults aged 17-30, 36 females, 17 males.

Mixed factorial design

2x2x2 design with age, target, lineup type.

Demographic Form

Collects age, gender, language, ethnicity, etc.

Target-present lineup

Includes target and three foils.

Target-absent lineup

Contains four foils without the target.

Cartoon Targets

Dora and Diego used as target characters.

Human Face Targets

Two university students filmed for video clips.

Foils

Photographs selected for similarity to targets.

Similarity measurement

Based on facial structure, hair length, color.

Lineup presentation

Simultaneous display of all lineup pictures.

Video clips

6-second clips of targets in action.

Black and white images

Used to minimize color distraction in recognition.

Raters

Three raters selected foils based on similarity.

Cartoon Foils

Selected from internet based on visual similarity.

Close-up shots

2-3 second close-ups of target faces.

Target replacement

Foil replaces target in target-absent condition.

Randomized positions

Lineup positions randomized for each target.

Age range

Participants aged from 17 to 30 years.

Standard deviation

SD of participant age is 3.34 years.

Cartoon watching form

Assesses familiarity with target cartoons.

Ethnicity

Demographic question regarding participant's ethnic background.

Household children

Demographic question about number of children.

Time spent watching cartoons

Measures weekly cartoon viewing duration.

Silhouette

Represents potential absence of a target.

Video Exposure

Participants viewed four videos in random order.

Photoarray

Display of photos after each video.

Counterbalanced Positioning

Target/replacement positions varied across photoarrays.

PowerPoint Display

Videos and photoarrays shown on laptop screens.

Lineup Instructions

Participants directed to identify or indicate absence.

Lineup Administrators

Three female experimenters conducted the identification task.