PHS- Chapter 2 Health Care Systems

What events led to changes in health care?

Wars, pandemics, new tech, and changing demographics

What are some new health related changes?

Emerging diseases, new drugs, revising treatments

Why must healthcare workers be aware of changes?

To remain confident and to provide safe + ethical care

What are some current trends In health care?

Cost containment, home health care, technology influence, and societal shifts

What is cost containment?

Controlling rising healthcare costs while achieving maximum benefit for every dollar spent

When was the Affordable Care Act passed?

2010

What are the FOUR parts of the Affordable Care Act?

1) Everyone must be insured

2) Everyone has to play

3) Government helps pay

4) Fairer Rules

What is the goal of the Affordable Care Act?

Get more people covered by insurance and cut down cost

What are four technological advances that add to the cost of healthcare?

1) Organ transplants,

2) Artificial hearts

3) Computers for examining internal body parts —-(CT Scans)

4) MRI

How does the aging population increase health care cost?

Increased pharmaceuticals, more chronic disease, and greater demand for healthcare services

What are health related lawsuits?

Expensive malpractice insurance (accident during care)

What is defensive medicine?

Ordering unnecessary tests to avoid lawsuits

What are the consequences of high costs?

Limiting services for those who can pay and reducing access for those unable to pay

What is Diagnostic Related Groups (DRG)

-Congressional attempt to control Medicare/Medicaid costs,

-Payment based on diagnosis

-Set amount paid for each disease condition

What are Hospital-Acquired Conditions?

Medicare does not pay for HAC- related care (Hospital-Acquired Conditions)

What is Medicare?

Cure for elderly

What is Fee-for-service?

Payment per service or treatment rendered and little incentive to limit cost (go to doctor less times)

What is value-based care?

Bundled payments for each diagnosis/treatment type (go to doctor multiple times for ONE condition)

What are HMOs and PPOs?

Share services and lower cost per patient

What is the combination of services?

Agencies combine services to avoid duplication (labs, clinic)—- Not going to multiple places

What are outpatient services?

Receiving care w/o hospital admission (Not staying overnight) and transfer to skilled care facility for assisted recovery

What is mass/bulk purchasing?

Buying in large quantities at reduced cost

What are early intervention/preventive services?

Preventing illness is more cost-effective than treating it (ex. education, immunizations)

What is energy conservation?

-Monitor and reduce energy use (water, gas)

-Energy audits determine resource usage (insulation, solar power)

What is the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality?

Quality of care must not be lowered to control costs

What is the Healthcare workers role?

Maintain quality while minimizing waste

What is the Healthcare consumer's role?

Take responsibility, know options, prevent illness

What is home health care?

This is nursing care at home, offering many different therapies (physical, respiratory, occupational), services (social, food, homemaking).

What are advantages of home health care?

1) Lower cost than hospital stays

2) Familiar environment for patient

3) Promotes independence and recovery

What is the definition of geriatric care?

Care for the elderly

What is the goal for geriatric care?

Meet physical, social and emotional needs of older adults

What two factors contribute to the growth of geriatric care?

Longer life expectancy and “baby boom” generation aging (larger group)

What are four examples of geriatric care facilities or services?

1) Adult day care centers

2) Retirement communities

3) Assisted living facilities

4) Long-term care facilities

What is telemedicine?

Use of video, audio, and computer systems to provide medical services (“virtual doctor appointments”)

What are two methods of telemedicine?

1) Interactive video conferencing (for consultations and exams)

2) Transmissions of medical images and data

What are the benefits of telemedicine?

Increased access to care for rural and underserved areas, decreased patient travel, and quicker specialist consultations

What are three applications of telemedicine?

1) Remote monitoring of chronic conditions

2) Follow-up appointments

3) Emergency services support

Define Wellness.

State of optimum w/ a balanced relationship between physical, mental, and social well-being

What are five different types of wellness?

Physical, emotional, social, mental/intellectual, and spiritual

What is the definition of Complementary and Alternative methods of health care?

Complementary- used ALONGSIDE conventional medical care

Alternative- used INSTEAD of conventional medical care

What are six examples of CAM therapies?

1) Ayurvedic practitioners

2) Chinese medicine practitioners

3) Chiropractors

4) Homeopaths

5) Hypnotherapists

6) Naturopaths

What is Pandemic preparedness?

Outbreak of disease that spreads across countries

What are two historical examples of pandemics?

1918 influenza (the flu) and COVID-19 pandemic

What is biotechnology?

Uses living systems to make products for health care

What are the potential benefits of biotechnology?

More effective treatment and personalized medicine tailored to genetic profile