Developmental Psychology Drills

Primary aging (natural aging process)

Aging caused by biological factors, such as molecular and cellular changes, is called

Secondary aging

Aging caused by the effects of environment and disease

Chronological age

The number of years since your birth is your

Biological age

Physiological; occurs as a person gradually accumulates damages to various cells

Social age

Changes in a person's roles and relationships as the person ages

Young old (65-74)

Someone who is 70 years old would be classified as:

Psychosocial crisis

Erikson proposed that each period of life has a unique challenge that the person who reaches it must face. This task is called a

Industry vs Inferiority

According to Erikson's theory, we learn to do things well or correctly according to others' standards while resolving which crisis?

Traditional family

Which type of family consists of a married couple and their own or adopted children living at home?

Blended family

A couple family containing 2 or more children, of whom at least one is the natural or adopted child of both members of the couple, and at least one is the stepchild of either partner in the couple (kunyare dalawang divorced tapos nagsama ganon hehe tapos may anak sila sa first partners)

Explicit

Declarative memory is also called as

Declarative memory/Explicit

Memory based on recall and retrieval

Procedural memory/Implicit

Memory based on the performance of a person

Abstract logic

During Piaget's formal operational stage, the primary skill obtained by the child is:

Egocentrism

During preoperational stage, the primary skill obtained by the child is:

Object permanence

During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, the primary skill obtained by the child is:

Conservation, logic (concrete)

During Piaget's concrete operational stage, the primary skill obtained by the child is:

Macrosystem

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, larger organizational structures such as schools and religion constitute the:

Embryo

When the blastocyst has implanted in the uterine wall at the end of the germinal period, it's now called

Thelarche (breast development)

Puberty in females begins with?

Menarche

First menstruation

Adrenarche

Development of pubic hair, oily skin, oily hair, and body odor

Melanin (skin and hair)

Gray hair is caused by lower production of ________, the pigment that produces hair color

Melatonin

Sleep and wake cycle

Cephalocaudal

Babies learn to hold their heads up before they learn to walk. This is an example of _________ development

Vision

Which of the following senses appears to be least developed at birth?

Touch

First sense to develop at birth

Fine

Using a spoon is an example of ____ motor skill

Deferred imitation

Imitation of actions after a time delay

Overextension

Thinking that a label applies to all objects that are similar to the original object, such as thinking that "Mama" applies to every woman regardless of her relation to you, is called:

Overregularization

Inappropriately applying syntax (grammar); transient error in linguistic development in which the child attempts to make language more regular than it actually is. An example is saying breaked instead of broken

Underextension

For example, a child may believe that the label "dog" applies only to Fido, the family pet

Overextension

For example, children might extend dog to refer to a squirrel, ball to refer to a balloon, or key to refer to a door

Shame

It is not a basic emotion

Right (creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills)

The ______ hemisphere of the brain is heavily involved in spatial tasks.

Left

The _____ hemisphere of the brain is involved in speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing

Sarcopenia

The loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging

Testosterone

The male pattern baldness is related to

Active euthanasia

Intentionally ending the life of a terminally ill person, such as through an overdose of medication, is called:

Physician-assisted suicide

A physician helps a person take his or her own life. For example, prescribing or obtaining drugs or enabling a patient to inhale a deadly gas—commonly refers to situations in which people with incurable, terminal illnesses request help in ending their lives

Fast mapping

Learning new words by making connections between new words and concepts already known is called:

The loss of a child

Parkes and Prigerson (2010) describe _______ as "the most distressing and long-lasting of all griefs".

Centration

Alex has a scoop of ice cream in a small bowl. Daniel has the same amount of ice cream, but in a larger bowl, so it takes up less space in the bowl. Daniel is upset because he thinks Alex has more ice cream, and he cannot understand that he needs to consider both the size of the bowl and the amount of ice cream when figuring out who has more. The best term to describe this is:

Centration

is the act of focusing all attention on ONE CHARACTERISTIC or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others.

Romantic love

Casey and Ashton spend a lot of time together, are physically attracted to one another, and enjoy their closeness, but have not made plans to continue their relationship long-term. Which of Sternberg's types of love does this most closely correspond to?

Which French children would benefit from specialized education

The first widely used IQ test was constructed in 1905 by Alfred Benet in order to determine:

Complicated grief

Since her husband died, Linda feels unable to move on, is preoccupied with distressing memories, and feels a sense of disbelief that he's really gone. Linda is most likely experiencing:

Disenfranchised grief

When your grieving doesn't fit into society's larger attitude about dealing with death and loss. Oftentimes, this results in a lack of support and social sympathy that inhibits a person from moving through the stages of grief.

Complicated grief

Intense sorrow, pain, and rumination over the loss of your loved one.

Anticipatory grief

Refers to a feeling of grief occurring before an impending loss. Typically, the impending loss is the death of someone close due to illness.

Identity moratorium

Rhiannon has many different career interests and has taken high school classes representing several different career paths. However, she hasn't yet found one she really identifies with. This best represents:

Canalization

A genetic restriction of phenotype to a small number of developmental outcomes.

Ethology

It is a study of the bioevolutionary basis of behavior and development with a focus on the survival of the individual.

Development

Systematic continuities and changes in the individual over the course of life.

Maturation

Developmental changes in the body or behavior that result from the aging process rather than from injury, illness, or some other life experience.

Normative development

Developmental changes that characterize most or all members of a species; typically patterns of development.

Holistic perspective

A unified view of the developmental process that emphasizes the important interrelationships among the physical, mental, social, and emotional aspects of human development.

Psychophysiological Method

Methods that measure the relationships between physiological processes and aspects of children's physical, cognitive, social, or emotional behavior or development.

Cross-sectional

A research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied at the same point in time.

Chromosomes

A threadlike structure made up of genes.

Mitosis

The process in which a cell duplicates its chromosomes and then divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

The process in which a germ cell divides, producing gametes that each contain half of the parent cell's original complement of chromosomes.

Eclectics

Those who borrow from many theories in their attempt to predict and explain human development.

Crossing over

A process in which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes during meiosis.

PKU

A genetic disease in which the child is unable to metabolize phenylalanine; if left untreated, it may cause hyperactivity and mental retardation.

Trisomy 21

Chromosomal abnormality caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome; people with down syndrome (trisomy 21) have a distinctive physical appearance and are moderately to severely retarded

Fragile X

Abnormality of the X chromosome caused by a defective gene and associated with mild to severe mental retardation

Cross-cultural design

A study that compares the behavior and/or development of people from different cultural or subcultural backgrounds.

Zygote, Embryo, Fetus

What is the correct sequence of prenatal development?

Chorion

A membrane that becomes attached to the uterine tissues to gather nourishment for the embryo.

Amnion

Watertight membrane; serves to regulate temperature and to cushion against injuries

Placenta

An organ, formed from the lining of the uterus to the chorion; provides respiration and nourishment to the unborn child

Umbilical cord

A soft tube containing blood vessels that connects the embryo to the placenta

Period of fetus

The phase of the prenatal development wherein all major organ systems begin to function and the fetus grows rapidly.

3rd month

At what month does sexual differentiation progress rapidly?

Vernix

The white cheesy substance that covers the fetus to protect the skin from chapping.

Age of viability

The point between the 23rd and 28th prenatal weeks when survival outside the uterus is possible.

Oral passive; Anal expulsive

________: trusting and dependency ; _________: untidiness, generosity

Pre-operational stage

According to Piaget, during this stage, the child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action.

Lorenz; Bowlby

______: illustrated an important application of a theory to animals.

_______: illustrated an important application of a theory to human development.

Phase 2

According to Bowlby's Attachment Theory, in this stage, infants become focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver.

Phase 1

From birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.

Phase 2

From 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.

Phase 3

From 7 to 24 months. Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

Phase 4

From 24 months on. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

Pre-operational (Transductive reasoning)

Luis may think that his "bad" thoughts or behavior caused his own or his sister's illness or his parents' divorce. This happens during?

Conditioned stimulus

A researcher notices that each time she makes a loud noise her research subject jumps. The researcher then shines a bright light before making a loud noise. After a few pairings she notices that her research subject jumps when only the light is flashed. In this case the light is considered to be which of the following?

The light is considered the conditioned stimulus because it results in the conditioned response only after it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (i.e. the loud noise). Prior to learning, the conditioned stimulus does not elicit the learning response. On the other hand, the unconditioned stimulus always causes the response, even without learning. The unconditioned and conditioned responses are the subject's jumping behaviors.

Important note. Read carefully.

Seriation

Catherine can arrange a group of sticks in order, from the shortest to the longest, and can insert an intermediate-size stick into the proper place. She knows that if one stick is longer than a second stick, and the second stick is longer than a third, then the first stick is longer than the third. This is called?

Concrete operational

Piaget believed that children in the _________ stage of cognitive development only used inductive reasoning.

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Bjorn's first efforts to bring his favorite board book into his crib fail because the book is too wide. Soon, Bjorn turns the book sideways, pulls it in, and hugs it, delighted with his success.

Negative Punishment

Action: Josh failed his math class.

Consequence: His parents confiscated his phone and laptop.

Industry vs Inferiority

At this stage of Psychosocial Development, children now need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills.

Artificialism (preoperational stage)

The following are under concrete operational stage, except:

• Reversibility

• Seriation

• Artificialism

• Decentering

Stage 7 (Later, Kohlberg proposed a seventh "cosmic" stage)

According to Kohlberg, this stage is where people consider the effect of their actions not only on other people but on the universe as a whole.

Exosystem

Workplace of parents and change of work location fall under?

Organization (Schema), Adaptation (Assimilation & Accommodation), Equilibration

According to Piaget, the three intercorrelated process of cognitive growth are?

Positive punishment

Giving a student extra homework after they misbehave in class is an example of?

The same behavior

In classical conditioning, UR and CR are

To understand classical conditioning, it is essential to be familiar with the following terms. A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that at first elicits no response. Pavlov introduced the ringing of the bell as a neutral stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that leads to an automatic response. In Pavlov's experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus. The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment. A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response. In the described experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell, and the conditioned response was salivation.

It is important to note that the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. Furthermore, it is important to realize that the unconditioned response and the conditioned response are

Important note. Read carefully