ch 9 health promotion

Flashcards for reviewing screening concepts from a public health nursing lecture.

Why are preventive services important?

Preventive services are vital.

Why is screening important?

To detect disease at an early stage before it becomes costly and threatens quality of life.

What is primary prevention in the context of screening?

Health education about screening.

What is secondary prevention in the context of screening?

The actual screening process.

What is the primary objective of screening?

Early detection of a disease to treat it and prevent its progression.

What are the benefits of screening and early detection?

Reduce cost of disease management and avoid costly interventions required for later stages.

When is early detection most effective?

During the asymptomatic period (latency).

How does the cost of screening compare to the cost of treating the disease in later stages?

Simple and inexpensive compared to the burden of disease.

What is individual screening?

One person tested, often chosen based on risk factors or universal screening.

What is group or mass screening?

Target population selected on the basis of increased risk.

What is one-test disease-specific screening?

Single test to detect a characteristic indicating high risk.

What is multiple test screening?

Two or more tests to detect one disease.

What are the disadvantages of screening?

Possibility of errors, resulting in false positives (anxiety, unnecessary interventions) or false negatives (disease overlooked).

What questions should be considered when selecting a screenable disease?

Does its significance warrant its consideration as a community problem? Can the disease be detected by screening? Should screening for the disease be done?

What is epidemiology?

Method used to find the cause of disease and outcomes in populations.

What is morbidity?

Diseased state or disability from any cause.

What is mortality?

Deaths in a given population as end outcome indices.

What is incidence?

Rate of a new population problem and estimates the risk of an individual developing a disease.

What is prevalence?

Proportion of the population with the disease at any one point in time.

What detection criteria are important for screening?

Are there well-documented diagnostic criteria? Are resources/treatment available to support screening?

What qualities must screening measures possess?

Must be safe, cost-effective, and accurate.

What is reliability in screening measures?

Reproducibility of test results.

What is validity in screening measures?

Accuracy in distinguishing those with and without disease.

What resources are needed for community screening?

Community resources, funds, workers, follow-through, treatment sources, administrative personnel.

What is the role of the lead agency in implementing screening?

Group that oversees the program.

Who are stakeholders in community screening?

Individuals or groups with a legitimate interest (e.g., hospitals, service agencies).

What is community assessment?

Systematic method of community data collection.

What are the key components of implementing community screening?

Lead agency, stakeholders, key community individuals, community assessment, target community.

What cost considerations should be considered related to screening?

Do costs result in improved health? Are the benefits of screening worth the expenditures required?

Provide information about cost-benefit ratio.

Allows comparison of various outcomes in monetary terms.

Provide information about cost effectiveness.

Determines optimal use of resources to reach desired health outcomes.

Provide information about cost efficiency.

Goal is efficiency: budget limited funds toward optimizing goal.

What person-dependent factors influence the selection of a screenable population?

Age, gender, race/ethnicity, income level, and lifestyle.

What environment-dependent factors influence the selection of a screenable population?

Conditions in the workplace, home, and community.

What is the nurse's role in screening programs?

Development and implementation of screening programs, education, and follow-up.