Test 4

Reciprocal liking

When we believe people like us, we’re inclined to feel attracted to them.

“Liking begets liking”

Golden Fleece Award

Award for wasting public money (Dishonour)

In 1975, Ellen Berschelid and Elaine Hatfield were the first individuals to receive the award.

Self-esteem and Attraction

Some people are attracted to people who deflate their self-esteem.

London seductive society

Two-factor Theory of emotion

The theory that emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. It posits that both factors contribute to our emotional experience.

Modern Prejudice

A subtle form of prejudice that manifests in attitudes and behaviors, often denying personal prejudice while still showing biases against certain groups.

Out-group Homogeneity

The tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than they are, leading to a lack of appreciation for individual differences.

Thus “they” are alike; “we” are different.

Group Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to one's own group while attributing negative outcomes to out-groups. This bias reinforces group identity and can perpetuate stereotypes.

Similarity (attraction)

We are attracted to those similar to us.

“Birds of a feather flock together”.

Subtyping

Accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as special category of people that are different.

Functional Distance

How often peoples paths cross (at work?)

We’re most likely to be attracted to and befriend people nearby, whom we see on a regular basis.

Reward Theory of Attraction

We like those whose behaviour is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events.

Mentioned in “secret of sexes” video.

Dislike then like

Approval after disproval.

Would we like someone who liked us after initially disliking us?

Prejudice

A negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members.

Implicit Associations Test

A psychological test measuring automatic associations between concepts and evaluations.

Just-world Phenomenon

People’s tendency to believe that world is just and that, therefore, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment.

Complementarity (attraction)

The popular supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other.

Facial Symmetry

A feature of physical attractiveness where facial features are proportionally aligned and balanced, often perceived as more attractive.

Average Faces

Faces that are averaged from a group of individual faces, often found to be more attractive due to their symmetry and balance.

Passionate love

Psychological experience of being biologically aroused by someone we find attractive.

Banging like rabbits on coke.

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members.

In-group Bias

Tendency to favour you own group.

Own-race Bias

Tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race. This bias can affect social interactions and perceptions of others.

Propinquity

The best predictor of whether two people become friends or romantically involved is physical proximity. (ex. coworkers).

Propinquity refers to the tendency for individuals to form relationships based on physical proximity or closeness, which significantly influences the likelihood of friendship or romantic involvement.

Mere Exposure Effect

The psychological phenomenon where people develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

For example, the effect may explain why seeing someone on a frequent basis, whether in the supermarket or workout room, heightens attraction.

Misattribution of arousal

The process of mistakenly interpreting physiological arousal as attraction to a person, often influenced by situational factors or emotional states, affecting perceptions of romantic interest.

Bridge Study (Dutton & Aron 1974):

Men who crossed a scary rbidge were later more likely to call an attractive female researcher they met on the bridge (for more details about the study) than those who crossed the stable bridge.

Equity Theory

“Give and take”

A condition in which the outcome people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it.

You get out of a relationship what you put in.

Disclosure Reciprocity

Tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner. This mutual exchange fosters deeper connections, enhancing trust and understanding between individuals.

Waist-to-hip Ratio

Men feel most attracted to women with a ratio of about .7 (with a waist about 70% as large as their hips).

Shape is associated with peak sexual fertility.

Matching Phenomenon

The tendency for people to choose partners who are similar to themselves in terms of attractiveness, social status, or other traits. This phenomenon helps maintain balance in relationships and expectations.

Physical Attractive Stereotype

The belief that physically attractive individuals possess other desirable qualities, such as intelligence, kindness, and competence, leads to a favourable bias toward them.

What is beautiful is good.

Frustration-aggression Theory

A psychological theory proposing that frustration leads to aggressive behavior as a response to obstacles preventing goal attainment.

Distinctiveness

In psychology, distinctiveness refers to the quality of being unique or different compared to others, particularly in the context of individual traits or behaviors that set a person apart from a group.

Stereotype Threat

A psychological phenomenon where individuals feel at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group, which can affect their performance and behaviors.

Testosterone Hypothalamus

Region in the brain that regulates the release of hormones, including testosterone, influencing various physiological and behavioural functions.