Families In Canada Exam Review

anthropology

Anthropologists look at the influence of culture on human behaviour

psychology

psychologists look at the influence of the mind

sociology

sociologists look at how society affects individuals

survey

• Poses a series of questions on a topic of research interest 

• Enables a researcher to get large information from a large group of people.

primary research

the method of collecting data directly from the source

interview

• Conducted in person, over the phone, or online

• Consists of a series of questions about a common topic

participant observation

•  Allows a researcher to watch participants as they go about their lives

• Participants may or may not know they are being observed

secondary research

• Researcher uses information collected and reported by someone else

• Data comes second hand, not directly from a source

id

The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche that responds directly and immediately to basic urges, needs, and desires.

ego

Freud’s ego is the rational part of the psyche that mediates between the instinctual desires of the id and the moral constraints of the superego, operating primarily at the conscious level.

superego

Freud’s superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards.

Hunter gatherers

• The earlier human families were hunters and gathers 

• women were responsible for gathering fruits, nuts, grains, herbs, and small prey. They were also responsible for nurturing young children. In addition, women learned how to use the plants they gathered for medicinal purposes. 

• Men were the hunters and the toolmakers. They often had to leave the family for long periods of time to hunt. They had to pursue larger animals for days to tire the animal, for an easier capture and kill.

• - Fifteen thousand years ago, many hunter-gatherer communities began to stay in one location because of a sustainable and abundant food source nearby, such as river where they could fish.

• Hunter-gatherer families were self-sufficient, self-reliable and lived in small nomadic groups.  

• They would survive by hunting on the daily, making their own tools and working full time in order to survive.

urban industrial

• Women did housework and were supported financially by their husbands

• women care of the house and children

• - The primary role of men is to provide for their wives and children financially. 

• men worked in factories and large industrial workplaces

• During the 19th century families became urban, a lot more families in Canada lived in towns or cities

• Work began to move outside of the family and people began to earn wages to provide for their family

agricultural

• Women were often put into arranged marriages and didn't have much say, they did all of the house work

• Men established a patriarchy in which men were authority and the decision makers of the family.

• As agriculture grew, so did the need for larger families for everyone to help out in the process. 

• If a family was able to get more land they became richer, and would sell their food to families who could not produce their own food

contemporary

• After the 1960's-1970's women began working outside of their homes

• This created “dual income” families

• After 1950, these roles began to change with women having similar roles to men; treated as equally as men and instead of men being seen as more suitable in the workforce, more women began to have jobs.

chronological order of families

Hunter gatherers, agricultural, pre industrial, urban industrial, contemporary.

infertility

• Not being able to get pregnant after one year or longer of unprotected sex

• Can be caused by the male or female reproductive systems

• About 17.5% of the global population experiences infertility at some point in their lives

evolutionary theory

• People base their choices of mates on sexual selection. 

• People are programmed to find the qualities that they perceive as healthy and fertile as “more attractive”.

key risk factors for spousal violence

• Unemployment for more than a month

• Personal bankruptcy

• Drop in wage or salary

• Taking additional jobs to make ends meet

• Loss of income due to education pursuits or other negative changes in economic circumstances

canadian opinion on extra marital affairs

most canadians do not approve of extra marital affairs

fertility rate in canada

• 1.43 births per woman

• The overall rate of fertility has been decreasing gradually since 2007

spousal assault rates

• Between 1993 and 1999, the percentage of female victims who reported assaults to the police increased from 29% to 37%

• Women's shelters, transition houses, and counselling programs have been established across Canada

• There is a continuing decline in spousal assault rate for women, suggesting that the solutions are effective in Canada

infedelity

• A violation of a couple’s emotional and/or sexual exclusivity, defined as unacceptable behavior.

• Grounds for divorce or breakup

foster care

• A means of providing homes for children who cannot live safely with their own family

• Foster parents act as guardians for the children and provide day to day care

• Unfortunately foster families are not always permanent and some children have to move around to several different foster homes

surrogate prenancy

 A process in which a women carries and delivers a child for a couple or an individual

Berry fast

• Anishinaabe rite of passage in which a young women abstains from any kind of berry for one year

• The fast begins for girls when they start their first menstruation

• When the young women has finished her fast she has acquired some understanding of he repurpose in life and gained self knowledge

adoption

 Adoption is the legal process that gives a new family to a child whose birth family cannot care for them

quantitative data

Numerical results that can be analyzed using statistics

qualitative data

information that is descriptive rather than numerical

conflict theory

• Argues that power is at the core of all social relationships

• Interested in issues of inequality and power within and across social groups

• Seeks to achieve greater equality for all

symbolic interactionism

• Focuses on how individuals interact with each other

• People change how they interact with something depending on how they view it

• Meanings can also change over time

structural functionalism theory

• Sees society as a structure made up of interrelated parts, these parts work together to meet the needs of the individuals who make up society

• The structure of society evolves over time

patrilineal system kinship

• System of inheritance 

• system kinship is inherited through the father’s family line

intergenerational trauma

• occurs when the effects of trauma are not resolved in one generation and the trauma is passed down to subsequent generations.

• The painful effects of colonial schooling and child welfare policies are not just felt by Survivors; children, grandchildren, and surrounding communities feel them as well

matrilineal

• System of inheritance

• refers to a situation where kinship is inherited through the mother’s family line

sixties scoop

• the adoption of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children by non-Indigenous families, which occurred in the 1960s up until the beginning of the 1980s

• First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children were taken from their homes without consent from their parents or communities, and raised in largely non-Indigenous environments on the belief that Indigenous communities were inferior and incapable of parenting their own children properly.

gradual civilization act

In 1857, the Government of Canada passed the Gradual Civilization Act to assimilate First Nations, Métis, and Inuit into mainstream society

millennium scoop

•  A term used to describe the fact that Indigenous children accounted for more than half of foster children under 14 in Canada in 2016

• The children who go through the system are often cut off from their families and cultures. Some call it the Millennium Scoop, an epilogue to the systematic removal of children in the Sixties Scoop

legal marriage ceremony performer

In order to be legally married, the ceremony must be performed by a qualified person

mixed unions

• One white and one visible minority individual 

• Or two individuals of different visible minority groups

ontario legal age of marriage

18

cohabition agreement

a legal term meaning that these relationships are not governed by written law but by legal and social customs.

all married couples rights

All married couples have the same rights, regardless of sexual orientation

common law couple property division

The automatic equal division of property does not apply when a common law relationship ends

constructive conflict

Couples who manage the conflict well may be able to raise their children more effectively since they are able to solve problems as a couple and provide good role models for their children

primary agent of socialization

• Families play a critical role in your development to help you grow as an individual

• Our families teach us how to interact with others

teenage parents

• Parents between the ages of 13-19

• More often than not, unplanned

generation y

• Millennials are the generation of people that was born from 1981-1996

• Another name for them is Gen Y

• The current age of millennials would be from 28-43 years old

• The environment around the millennial generation is influenced by many

innovations to make their life easier. They grow up to be imaginative thinkers and come up with creative solutions when problems arise.

baby boomers

• Baby boomers are born between the end of World War 2 and

• the mid 1960’s (1946-1964). Following WW2 there was a surge

• of births that led to a “boom” in the population. Because of the

• amount of them, they have a lot of influence economically,

• politically and socially. They have lived through many changes

• and advancements in our society, as well as many historical

• events. As of today, they are all staring to retire or are already

• retired which is causing a shift in the job market.

generation x

• Generation X is a term that is typically used to describe the demographic that

• is born between 1965 and 1980

• - This demographic cohort follows the baby boomer generation and precedes

• the millennial generation

• - It is known as the “middle child” generation because of its small size in

• comparison with the baby boomer and millennial generations.

• - They are described as being resourceful, independent, resilient,

• self-managing, adaptable, pragmatic, skeptical of authority, cynical, and are

• keen on maintaining work-life balance

• - These characteristics are due to the economic and societal difficulties they

• experienced as children and young adults

generation z

• Generation z are born 1996-2010

• Gen z members are known to connect mostly online

• They retain most of their information online

• Gen z members are overall known for diversity, inclusivity, mental health,

• and well being.

• Cancel culture

builders generation

• -People born between 1928-1945

• -Labelled as the “Builders” because they have built

• most things that are known today in this generation.

• (suburbs, institutions, etc)

• -Known for their resilience after going through

• difficult times such as starting life after The Great

Depression and living through World War II.

nuclear family

Composed of two parents and their unmarried children living in the same household. It is so named because it is the “nucleus” or core around which other members of the family (aunts, uncles, and grandparents) may attach themselves

single parent family

A family with only one parent, male or female

extended family

A group that consists of parents, children, and other close relatives, often living in close proximity (close together), and often spanning three or more generations.

common law family

An unmarried couple, regardless of gender, with or without children. This type of family is also called a cohabitation family

interracial family

A family that consists of parents from different racial or ethnic backgrounds with children

blended family

A union where, in addition to one or both parents bringing children to the situation (as in a stepfamily), the new couple have had a least one child together

authoritative

• Authoritative parents explain their demands and the reasons behind them, parents value children’s opinions and allow their input on rules

• Encouraging, warm, nurturing, constructive

• Explains consequences and reasoning behind them

uninvolved

• A neglectful parent always puts their needs and wants as a priority

• Uninvolved

• Few cases of punishment due to uninvolvement

• Little communication which leads to the child’s sense that their parents do not care deeply for them

authoritarian

• Based on the belief that children should obey their parents without question or hesitation

• Restrictive, controlling, demanding

• Frequent spanking, shows anger, firm and swift

• Children of authoritarian parents are often anxious, unhappy and fearful

permissive

• Based on the belief that children need to set their own goals and rules

• Little or no structure is provided

• Highly involved with children but place few demands or controls on them

• Allow children to do as they please

ecological systems theory

• The theory views child development as a

complex system of relationships affected by

the surroundings and environment of the

child.

• The theory believes that to study child

development it is a must to look at their

immediate environment

family developmental theory

• details how families move through eight different life-cycle stages in a set order by completing set tasks for each stage

evolutionary theory

• People base their choices of mates on sexual selection. 

• People are programmed to find the qualities that they perceive as healthy and fertile as “more attractive”.

social homogamy theory

When individuals are attracted to a person of a similar to themselves

halo effect

Judgment error or a cognitive bias which revolves around starting with accurate information. For example noticing that someone is attractive and based on that info we wrongfully assume other positive things.

propinquity theory

• The tendency for people to form friendships or romantic relationships with those whom they encounter often, forming a bond between subject and friend

•  Workplace interactions are frequent and this frequent interaction is often a key indicator as to why close relationships can readily form in this type of environment

exchange theory

People analyse relationships according to the costs and benefits, and remain with partners whose positives outweigh the negatives.

filter theory

• Individuals screen out unacceptable marriage partners using various criteria until one person is selected to marry

• The screening process is probably an unconscious one based on a sense that someone is just not a good fit.

triangular theory of love

• According to this theory, love consists of three components: 

○ Intimacy: emotional closeness 

○ Passion: sexual and romantic attraction 

○ Commitment 

• The ideal form of love consists of all three of these components → but, they are very hard to maintain over time.

reverse halo effect

Being attractive can backfire on you because jealousy can make those less attractive then you rate you lower than you deserve.

parental image theory

• When a person married someone like his or her mother or father

• Mothers and fathers are generally our first love objects, and this theory suggests that sons and daughters model after the parents of the same sex by selecting partners similar to the one the parent selected

complementary needs theory

We pick those whose needs are opposite, but complementary to, our own — the opposites attract theory

blind men and the elephant analogy

• Everyone has different viewpoints and perspectives on different things

• Explains why so many theories are made

• You need multiple theories to actually prove and understand why people behave that way

vanier institute definition of family

Any combination of two or more persons who are bound together over time by ties of mutual consent, birth, and/or adoption or placement. Together they assume responsibilities for some of the following: physical maintenance and care of group members, addition of new members through procreation or adoption, socialization of children, social control of members, production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services, and affective nurturance - love.”

statistics canadas definition of family

A married couple and the children, if any, of either or both spouses; a couple living common law and the children, if any, of either or both partners; or, a line parent of any marital status with at least one child living in the same dwelling and that child or those children. All members of a particular census family live in the same dwelling. A couple may be of opposite or same sex. Children may be children by birth, marriage, or adoption regardless of their age or marital status as long as they live in the dwelling and do not have their own spouse or child living in the dwelling. Grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present also constitute a census family.

indigenous marriage customs

• 1st

• There was no single marriage tradition practiced by First Nations and Inuit people before the arrival of the first European explorers and settlers 

• Women were equal to men, and men usually free to choose who to marry

early catholic church and marriage

• 2nd

• The roman catholic church held marriages to be a sacrament while protestants simply believed it was because of God

• These beliefs and ideas were brought to canada by european settlers and church leaders

early canadian marriage

• 3rd

• Temporary marriage contracts between french and english fur traders/soldiers (whose stay in canada might be short)

• Later on, French and English women were encouraged to come to Canada to marry male colonists and increase their native country’s population.

19th century canadian marriage

• 4th

• Marriages somewhat arranged in that they were subjected by approval of the woman’s parents

• Marriage regarded as a sacrament by a catholic church

20th century canadian marriage

• 5th

• In the 1920s and 1930s marriage was on the rocks, and especially in the 1930s lots of marriages were postponed.

• 1950s - after world war 2 marriage and traditional roles were seen as a way to return to normal life

contemporary canadian marriage

• Marriage is the ultimate expression of love, leading gays and lesbians to seek the right to marry, but also encouraging couples to cohabit until theyre sure about their “soul mate.”

• Marriage still regarded as a primary social group and foundation for the family

timeline of divorce

PRIOR TO 1918 (WWI) 

•  Had to petition parliament for a divorce 

• BC, NS, and NB had divorce courts 

• Only the husband could obtain a divorce

• Divorce must be based on adultery 

1918 - 1945 (WWI - WWII) 

• AB, SK, and ON had divorce courts

• Wife could get a divorce, but had to show proof that the husband was at fault without a “reasonable excuse”

1968

• 1st Divorce Act 

• Uniform divorce laws in every province 

• Both genders have legal grounds for divorce 

• Divorce could be based on: 

○ Addiction to drugs, adultery, desertion of 5 years 3 year separation, cruelty

1985 

• Divorce Act revised 

• People could file for divorce jointly 

• Divorce based on: 

○ Separation for one year, adultery, mental cruelty, physical cruelty

2004 

• Divorce available to same-sex couples

cost and benefits of cohabition and marriage

 Marriage-

 less likely to separate and divorce, although the rate appears to be about 38% of all marriages will end in divorce

Cohabition:

Common-law couples may not make the commitment to the relationship. These couples are more likely to separate when problems arise as opposed to married couples