BIO108 FINAL EXAM

The body is attempting to maintain temperature homeostasis, this is an example of:

Pathways and transformation of energy and matter

A neuron has an axon that allows it to send signals over a long distance, this is an example of:

Structure and function

Humans at the equator have developed darker skin to protect them from the damaging effect of sunlight, this is an example of:

Evolution

The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work together to deliver oxygen to the tissue of the body, this is an example of:

Systems

During transcription, mRNA is made from DNA. Then, during translation, protein us made from that mRNA, this is an example of:

Information flow, exchange, and storage

How are the nervous system and the endocrine system similar?

Cells of both the nervous system and the endocrine system release chemicals to communicate with cells

What is a major function of the endocrine system?

The endocrine system releases hormones into the bloodstream to reach receptors on target cells

All target cells:

Have receptors to which hormones bind

What type of hormone usually travels in the blood plasma bound to a protein?

Hydrophobic hormones

What often serves as the second messenger when a hydrophilic amino-acid based hormone binds its receptor?

cAMP

Upon binding to a receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex, steroid hormones may cause:

An increase in protein synthesis

Decreasing levels of blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin. This type of stimulation is known as:

Humoral stimulation

Endocrine cells that increase hormone secretion in response to other hormones are controlled by:

Hormonal stimuli

When blood glucose levels increase, a hormone called insulin is released from endocrine cells in the pancreas. The role of insulin is to return blood glucose levels to normal. Which part of this negative feedback loop is the stimulus?

Increasing blood glucose levels

A short-term effect of growth hormone is:

Fat breakdown

If the thyroid gland is unable to produce iodinated thyroglobulin, what is the effect on hormone production?

Less triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones are made

Edna complains of weight gain, cold intolerance, and low blood pressure. What disorder do her symptoms match?

Hypothyroidism

What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?

Corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)

Melatonin is produced by the:

Pineal gland

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?

Insulin

High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

What is the target tissue of erythropoietin?

Red bone marrow

What hormone is produced by adipocytes to regulate satiety, a feeling of fullness after eating?

Leptin

The effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine have nearly the same effects as the neurotransmitters of the:

Sympathetic nervous system

Hormones that act on the same target cells yet have opposite effects are said to be:

Antagonists

Avery has high blood pressure and hypernatremia (excess blood sodium ion concentration). The hyper-secretion of which hormone could lead to his condition?

Aldosterone

Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

Cortisol

Glucagon operates under:

Humoral stimulation

What is NOT a responsibility of insulin?

Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

What type of vessel is built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system?

Elastic artery

Which of the following is TRUE of veins?

Veins have thinner walls than arteries

The outward force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels is:

Blood pressure

Select the correct relationship between peripheral resistance and blood pressure:

As peripheral resistance increases, blood pressure increases

Peripheral resistance includes all of the following EXCEPT:

Blood type

Which blood vessels experience the sharpest decrease in blood pressure?

Systemic arterioles

The average pressure in the systemic arteries during an entire cardiac cycle is known as:

Mean arteriole pressure (MAP)

Archie took several deep breaths of air. By breathing deeply, what mechanism did he assist to return venous blood to his heart?

Respiratory pump

Which nervous system promotes increased peripheral resistance and increased blood pressure through the vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles?

Sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following decreases heart rate, and thus cardiac output and blood pressure?

Acetylcholine

The Valsalva maneuver causes a drop in blood pressure which should be detected by:

Baroreceptors

How do parasympathetic neurons in the medulla respond to increased blood pressure?

Sympathetic activity is inhibited

Which of the following stimuli is detected by a chemoreceptor?

Decreased blood oxygen concentration

What hormone is released to decrease blood pressure?

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP)

Which organ system regulates blood volume by altering the amount of fluid released in urine?

Urinary system

Hypertension is defined as:

High blood pressure

Which vessels increase peripheral resistance when they vasoconstrict in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Muscular arteries

Which of the following vessels has the lowest blood pressure?

Inferior vena cava

Which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure?

Systemic arteries

Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body?

Veins

Under what conditions will the myogenic mechanism slow blood flow into capillary bed?

rising arteriolar pressure

Blood pressure is equivalent to

Hydrostatic pressure

At the arteriolar end of the capillary, which pressure is the greatest ?

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

which of the following situations creates edema?

an increase in the capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient

What forms the majority if blood?

plasma

When blood is centrifuged, what is found in the buffy coat?

platelets and leukocytes

Which of the following statements about blood is false ?

blood pH normally falls between 6.5 and 6.8

The most abundant component of plasma is ?

water

Which statement best describes red blood cells?

Red blood cells possess a protein known as hemoglobin.

The function of red blood cells is to

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?

hemoglobin

All red blood cells in an adult originate in the __________.

red bone marrow

Since erythrocytes lack the cellular machinery to make repairs, they only live:

100-120 days

What cell gives rise to all formed elements?

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis?

Kidney

The process of red blood cell production is known as:

erythropoiesis

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis ?

blood oxygen levels fall below normal

The hematocrit is the percentage of blood composed of :

Erythrocytes

What organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

How much blood does the average adult have?

5 liters

What is the main role of macrophages present in the lymphatic tissues ?

phagocytosis

If the thymus shrank and stopped making hormones in a child, we would expect to see a decrease in the number of:

T lymphocytes (T Cells)

Surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, serve the immune system as the:

first line of defense

Sheena's B lymphocytes (B cells) produced antibodies to protect her about 3-5 days after she was exposed to a virus. What type of immunity do antibodies provide?

acquired immunity

What cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes?

antigen-presenting cells

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation ?

cold

During the second stage of the inflammatory response, what do neutrophils accomplish when they migrate to areas of damaged tissue?

Neutrophils destroy bacteria and other cellular debris

A patient has a high level of pyrogens, indicating that she:

has a fever

Where do T cells become immunocompetent?

thymus

which of the following are TRUE of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

Class I MHC molecules present endogenous antigens

Activated helper T (TH) cells or cytotoxic T (TC) cell clones differentiate into:

effector cells and memory T cells

What cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunological memory in which the immune response is expedited upon subsequent exposure to an antigen ?

memory T Cells

Cells that help regulate the immune response are:

Helper T (TH) cells

B cells develop and mature in the:

bone marrow

When a person has an autoimmune disorder, antibodies are secreted that bind to:

self antigens

Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit:

a primary immune response

The primary immune response

Occurs after first exposure to an antigen

What proteins, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell's plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cells's DNA?

perforins

Which of the following is non-phagocytic cell?

basophil

Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages ?

Macrophages secrete substances onto pathogens that are too large to ingest.

What is the first process to occur in the digestive system?

ingestion

Absorption is best described as the

movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal.

What is released by the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells of the gastric glands?

gastrin

Chief cells release:

pepsinogen

The conversion of pepsinogen into the active form, pepsin, requires:

an acidic pH

Which process is NOT a main function of the stomach?

absorption

Which of the following does NOT increase surface area in the small intestine?

rugae

The digestion of which food group may be affected by an inadequate amount of stomach acid?

Proteins

The final process to occur in the alimentary canal is:

defecation

the pancreatic juices transported in the main pancreatic duct are destined for the?

duodenum

Which hormone stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes ?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)