Portage Learning A&P 1 Module Exam 3

Food enters the stomach from the ____ via the _______sphincter. Food exits the stomach via the _____sphincter into the _______.

Food enters the stomach from the esophagus via the cardioesophageal sphincter. Food exits the stomach via the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum.

Explain why a patient with liver disease would have intolerance to fatty foods.

The liver produces bile which breaks down fats. If it is not producing bile (or less bile), fats will not be broken down effectively.

Explain in detail how stomach contents enter small intestine

The pyloric sphincter valve, located at the base of the stomach, relaxes causing a small quantity of chyme to pass through the opening into the first part of the small intestine. This initiates a reflex that causes the muscles of the sphincter to contract and close the opening temporarily. Then the sphincter relaxes again and allows more chyme to enter.

A patient experiencing vitamin toxicity. What type of vitamin would be causing this toxicity?

A. Water soluble vitamin

B. Fat soluble vitamin

C. All of the above

B. Fat soluble vitamin, they are stored within the body's fat stores making it harder for the body to rid itself of them.

Explain each digestive system functions are carried out by the small intestine

Digestion and Absorption

Chemical digestion continues as enzymes from the pancreatic juices break down starches and proteins, and begin digestion of fat.

Mechanical digestion continues as bile breaks down fat into smaller pieces

Absorption begins as digested food molecules, water and fat are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the large intestine.

Absorption: water and electrolytes are reabsorbed and vitamins are absorbed.

Defecation: feces return to the rectum where it is excreted via the anus

Name and explain four main functions performed by the digestive system

1. Ingestion: when food enters the mouth

2. Digestion: food breakdown occurs when food is moved, mixed and exposed to enzymes along the gastrointestinal tract. Divided into two parts, mechanical and chemical.

A. Mechanical occurs when food is broken down in small pieces using the teeth to chew food.

B. Chemical is the breakdown of food by enzymes

3. Absorption: the process of moving digested food into the bloodstream

4. Defecation: the excretion of indigestible food from the anus

What is the purpose of hormone Ghrelin?

A. Increase hunger, decrease satiety

B. Increase hunger, increase satiety

C. Decrease hunger, increase satiety

D. Decrease hunger, decrease satiety

A. Increase hunger, decrease satiety

Which of the following statements is false?

A. The ileocecal valve controls the entrance of chyme into to the large intestine.

B. Taste buds are located on the surface of the mouth and the wall of the pharynx.

C. The liver, pancreas, and tongue are considered accessory organs to the digestive system.

D. The stomach is located along the right side of the abdomen below the diaphragm.(It is located along the left side of the abdomen below the diaphragm)

D. The stomach is located along the right side of the abdomen below the diaphragm.(It is located along the left side of the abdomen below the diaphragm)

True/false: lipids can be divided into two categories: complete or incomplete

False- proteins can be divided into those two categories

True/false: Anabolism combines smaller molecules to make larger molecules

True

True/False: The nasopharynx is the most superior region of the pharynx.

True

True/false: the pharynx has three types of skeletal muscle: circumferential, longitudinal and oblique

False - it only has two, does not include an oblique layer

True/false: the digestive work of salivary amylase is an example of mechanical digestion

False - chemical digestion

Which of the following statements is true concerning glycolysis?

A. Pyruvic acid are broken down into glucose.

B. Five ATP molecules are formed.

C. Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

D. Glucose is broken down into two ADP molecules.

C. Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules.

or

Two ATP molecules are formed in first breakdown of glucose.

Which of the following statements is false concerning the second stage of glucose breakdown?

A. This second stage is also known as the TCA cycle.

B. Pyruvic acid is converted to carbon dioxide.

C. Additional ATP is formed.

D. This is also known as the electron transport system.

D. This is also known as the electron transport system (false)

Which of the following statements is false concerning the Electron Transport System?

A. Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration.

B. Approximately a total of 34 ATP are formed.

C. Protons are pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

D. The proton motive force forms ATP molecules.

A. Anaerobic respiration is more efficient than aerobic respiration.

Pancreas

A. Storage site for bile

B. Attached to the soft palate

C. Secretes juices which digest all types of foods

D. Stores glycogen and produces urea

E. Forms food into a bolus

C. Secretes juices which digest all types of food

Stomach

A. Hangs from the cecum

B. Connects mouth to esophagus

C. Attaches to the greater omentum

D. Contains the hepatic flexure

C. Attaches to the greater omentum

Submucosal (layer of tissue):

A. Made of two layers of muscle

B. Innermost layer

C. Secretes mucous

D. Contains blood and lymph vessels

E. Begins in the mouth

D. Contains blood and lymph vessels

Dentin

A. Upper portion of gums

B. Outermost layer

C. Bone-like substance

D. Hard connective tissue

E.Contains longitudinal muscle

C. Bone like substance

Common bile duct

A. Contains secretions from the pancreas

B. Joins with the pancreatic duct

C. Enters the jejunum

D. Contains secretions from the salivary glands

E. Contains lymph vessels and nerves

B. Joins with the pancreatic duct

True/false: the esophagus is considered a primary organ of the GI tract

True

True/false: the tongue is considered a accessory organ of the GI tract

True

True/false: chemical digestion in the mouth is carried out by way of salivary amylase

True

Describe the clinical condition that results when the organ pictured above (specified by the pointer) is not able to function properly.

When the gallbladder is unable to breakdown fat and cholesterol present in the body, gallstones will occur. Pain occurs when these stones block the duct passing from the gallbladder to the liver.

Label the following three types of raised bumps on the tongue. Describe the purpose of type C.

A. Filiform papillae

B. circumvallate papillae

C. fungiform papillae

Taste buds are located within circumvallate and fungiform papillae.

Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.

The parietal cells are located in the wall of the stomach body, they secrete hydrocholoric acid, The acidic pH kills bacteria infested with food. The secretion is important for the activation of pepsin.

The chief cells secrete pepsinogen in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid will convert the inactive pepsinogen into active enzyme pepsin, this will help breakdown proteins.

Pancreas

A. Lipase

B. Urea

C. Salivary amylase

A. Lipase

Liver

A. Lipase

B. Urea

C. Salivary amylase

B. Urea

Mouth

A. Lipase

B. Urea

C. Salivary amylase

C. Salivary amylase

Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.

To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.

3.

4.

7.

9.

10.

3: Stomach

4: Gallbladder

7: Jejunum

9: Appendix

10: Rectum

Label the diagram below, including left or right. Describe tooth (A).

A: Left central incisor

C: Left canine

E: Right molar

F: Maxilla

Describe tooth type A: The central incisor is chisel shaped which is used for biting.

Enamel

located on the surface of the crown

Uvula

Attached to the soft palate