(A1) psychological theories/practices, ethical experimentation, classifying disorders

Psychological Perspectives

• Cognitive Perspective 

• Humanistic Perspective 

• Evolutionary Perspectives 

• Biological Perspective

• Sociocultural Perspective 

• Psychodynamic Perspective 

• Behavioral Perspective 

Cognitive Perspective

perspective that studies conscious thought and how we learn (mind)

• controlled by thoughts/perception of reality

• disorder: due to maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions

Humanistic Perspective

perspective that encourages personal growth and being true to oneself instead of dwelling on past (optimistic)

• controlled by nothing

• disorder: due to lack of social support & inability to fulfill full potential

Evolutionary Perspectives

perspective suggests that behaviors are controlled by adaptive survival needs (Darwin theory)

• controlled by survival needs

• disorder: due to maladaptive forms of behaviors that enabled human survival

Biological Perspective

perspective suggests that behaviors are controlled by biology (medical)

• controlled by genes and neurons

• disorder: due to genetic of physiological predispositions

Sociocultural Perspective

perspective suggests that social interaction and culture influence our behavior (environment)

• controlled by race, gender, class, etc

• disorder: due to problematic social & cultural contexts

Psychodynamic Perspective

perspective suggests that unconscious thoughts and early childhood experiences influence behavior (subconscious/trauma)

• controlled by trauma and subconscious

• disorder: due to unresolved childhood trauma and unconscious thoughts

Behavioral Perspective

perspective that suggests observable behaviors can be changed through learning a behavior through the environment (conditioning)

• controlled by reinforcement and punishment.

• disorder: due to maladaptive learned associations

psychological disorder

a pattern of disturbance in people’s thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes interfere with their day-to-day life.

Maladaptive Thoughts, Behaviors, Relationships

thoughts or behaviors that hinder overall functioning and mental health.

dysfunction

refers to impairments in mental or behavioral processes that disrupt normal functioning.

distress

often the result of dysfunction

stigma

a negative stereotype or belief that leads to discrimination against individuals

American Psychiatric Association (APA)

a professional organization that publishes diagnostic criteria and guidelines for mental disorders w goal of improving mental health care (research, publishing)

• Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)

a comprehensive classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose and describe mental disorders. (APA created)

World Health Organization

an international public health agency that provides leadership on global health issues and publishes the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

a global standard for diagnosing and classifying all diseases including mental and behavioral disorders, published by the World Health Organization.

Eclectic Approach

a therapeutic approach that combines techniques and theories from various psychological schools of thought to best address an individual's needs.

medical model

explains that/how diseases (ie psychological disorders) have medical psychical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often cured, in a hospital

Biopsychosocial Model

a comprehensive framework that takes into account both biological and environmental factors in understanding health and illness.

Diathesis-Stress Model

explains that/how genetic predispositions (diathesis) combine with Enviromental stressors (stress) to influence psychological disorder

• Diathesis: predisposition toward a state especially one that is abnormal

• ie taijin kyofusho in Japan: fear that others are judging their bodies

Epigenetic research

the study of how environmental factors can affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, influencing behavior and mental health.

• “above” or “in addition to” (epi) genetics

• supports diathesis stress method

Moral treatment

an early approach in psychiatry emphasizing compassion, kindness and dignity of individuals with mental disorders, promoting patient well-being.

• The goal was to treat patients as rational beings and help them regain control of themselves.

Required Ethical Practices

Respect for persons

• informed consent (for adults)

• confidentiality

• debriefing

Beneficence

• protect from Greater-than-Usual Harm

• Animal Welfare

Justice

• Institutional Review Board

• Informed Assent (for minors)

Informed Consent

giving potential participants enough info (risks and benefits) about a study to choose if they want to participate

Informed Assent

the process of obtaining agreement from individuals who are not fully able to give informed consent, such as children or those with cognitive impairments, ensuring they understand the nature of the research.

Confidentiality

the ethical principle that protects participant information from being disclosed without consent, ensuring privacy and trust in research.

Debriefing

the process of providing participants with complete info about a study after its completion, including its purpose and any deception involved.

Protect from Greater-Than-Usual Harm

an ethical guideline that safeguards participants from experiencing harm beyond what is typically encountered in daily life during research or treatment.

Animal Welfare

the ethical obligation to ensure the humane treatment, care, and protection of animals used in research and education.

Institutional Review Board

a committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are upheld, protecting the rights and welfare of participants.