Research Lec/Lab

Research is a process where we collect and analyze information to increase our understanding to a topic or issue and gain solution to a problem.

What is research?

1. To discover new fact about phenomena;

2. to find answers to problems which are not partially solved by existing methods and informations;

3. Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products;

4. To discover previous unrecognized substances or elements;

5. To discover pathways of action of known substances and elements;

6. To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry, education, government, and in other undertakings;

7. To find answers by means of scientific methods;

8. To acquire a better understanding about phenomena that can be realized deeper by research

Why do we conduct research?

1. Systematic

2. Controlled

3. Empirical

4. Employ’s Hypothesis

5. Employ’s Quantitative and Statistical method

6. Analytical

7. Accurate Investigation, observation, and description

8. Done by an Expert

9. Objective, Unbiased, and Logical

10. Original

What are the characteristics of a good research?

Systematic

It follows orderly and Sequential procedure

Controlled

All variables except those that are tested upon are kept constant

Empirical

All the procedures and gathered data are perceived in the same manner by observer

Employs Hypothesis

As guides to the investigation process, tentative answers are formulated

Employ’s Quantitative and Statistical Methods

Data are transformed into Numerical measures and treated statistically to determine their significance or usefulness

Analytical

There is critical analysis of all data used that there is no error in interpretation

Accurate investigation, observation and description

All conclusions are based on actual evidence

Done by an Expert

The researcher uses valid and carefully designed procedures, valid data-gathering instruments, and valid data

Objective, Unbiased, and Logical

All findings and conclusions are logically based on empirical data and no effort is made to alter results.

Original

Except in historical research, data are gathered from primary source, and not from secondary sources.

1. According to Purpose

2. According to Goal

3. According to Levels of investigation

4. According to Type of Analysis

5. According to Statistical Content

6. According to Time element

What are the kinds and classifications of research?

1. According to Purpose (Predicted, Directed)

2. According to Goal (Pure, Applied)

3. According to Levels of investigation (Exploratory, Descriptive, Experimental)

4. According to Type of Analysis (Analytical, Holistic)

5. According to Statistical Content (Qualitative, Quantitative)

6. According to Time element (Historical, Descriptive, Experimental)

1. According to ______(Predicted, Directed)

2. According to Goal (_____,_____)

3. According to Levels of investigation (______,_______,_____)

4. According to Type of Analysis (_____,_____)

5. According to Statistical Content(____,______)

6. According to Time element(_____,_____,_____)

1. Tradition

2. Authority

3. Inaccurate Observation

4. Overgeneralizations

5. Selective observation

6. Made-up informations

7. Illogical reasoning

8. Ego-involvement in understanding

9. Mystification

10. To err is human

11. Dogmatism

Enumerate the some hindrances to scientific inquiry

Objectivism/Positivism

Subjectivism

2 important assumptions of ontology?

Ontology

This is the study of ‘being’ and concerned with ‘what is

The nature, existence and structure of reality and what is possible to know about the world

Reality is determined by the knower

Structures relies on experience/interpretations

Thought embodied; grows out of bodily experiences (physical n social)

Determined by the understander

Symbols are constructing reality

Objecting

Reality is external to knower

thought is disembodied, independent of human experience

Reflect external reality

Symbols represent reality

Epistemology

Nature of knowledge

Hot it is possible to know about the world

Looking at the world and making sense of fit

What is (should be) acceptable knowledge in a discipline

The very basis of knowledge

Ontology is concerned with what is true or real, and the nature of reality. They asked questions like “What is existence?”, “what is the nature of existence”

On the other hand,

Epistemology is concerned with the nature of knowledge and different methods of gaining knowledge

Explain the difference between Ontology and Epistemology

What is the iceberg model of research method ad philosophical foundations