Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems

Arteries

• made of thick elastic wall to withstand fluctuations in BP

• transport oxygenated blood away from heart

Veins

• transport dexoygenated blood to the heart

• contain valves to facilitate blood flow against gravity

Capillaries

• smallest/narrowest blood vessel

• wall is 1 cell thick so stuff can reach body cells easily

• transport oxygen and nutrients to the body

• deposit waste

• assists in thermoregulation

Pericardium

sac that surrounds the heart muscle to protect it and reduce friction when it beats

Systole

when the muscle contracts to pump blood (top # on BP)

Diastole

when the muscle relaxes (bottom # on BP)

Hemoglobin

protein found in RBC that binds to oxygen molecules to transport it

Function of Heart Valves

prevent backflow of blood

Hematocrit Test

measures % of RBC in blood

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

• aka “pacemaker,” generates rhythmic impulses that travel thruout the heart

• cardiac conduction is self regulated

• found at the top of R. Atrium

Blood Vessel Spasm

stage 1: serotonin shrinks the vessel (vasoconstriction)

Platelet Plug Formation

stage 2: platelets come to site of injury and close the openings of vessels

Blood Coagulation

stage 3: Fibrin forms and reinforces over the plug (scab)

Thrombin

an enzyme that causes clotting by converting Fibrinogen in plasma to Fibrin

Diapedesis

when Neutrophils exit capillaries thru small gaps and migrate to the area of injury

Leukemia

cancer of lymphoid nodes when bone marrow produces uncontrolled amount of WBC

• treated via stem cell transplant

Sickle Cell Disease

when RBC are crescent-shaped —> likelihood of blood flow being blocked, risk of stroke

Type A Blood

• anti-B antibodies

• A surface antigen

• compatible w/ A and O

Type B Blood

• Anti-A antibodies

• B surface antigen

• compatible w/ B and O

Type AB Blood

• NO antibodies

• both surface antigens

• universal recipient (+)

• compatible w/ A, B, AB, O

Type O Blood

• BOTH antibodies

• NO surface antigens

• universal donor

Agglutination

clotting of RBC when certain antibodies and antigens react

Nasal Cavity

sense of smell, filtering/moistening air

Oral Cavity

speech

Larynx

contains vocal cords and epiglottis

Pharynx

connects nasal pathway to larynx

Lungs

gas exchange

Bronchus

• connects lungs and trachea

• where trachea splits into 2

Diaphragm

muscle that helps facilitate breathing

Bronchioles

• smaller divisions of bronchus in lungs

Alveoli/Air Sacs

• where gas exchange b/w blood and air occurs

• air goes from high to low concentration

Alveoli-Cappilary Gas Exhange

• when blood reaches the capillaries, it is full of CO2 and deoxygenated

• CO2 moves to air sacs where there is a lower concentration

• when you inhale, O2 molecules go from high concentration in air sac —> low concentration in blood

Inhalation

• diaphragm relaxes and moves down, allowing lungs to expand more and intake the most air

• air pressure decreases b/c volume of container increases

Exhalation

• diaphragm contracts and moves up to force out air

• air pressure increases b/c volume of container decreases

Maintaining Homeostasis when exercising

• increase in cellular respiration, leading to increase in CO2 production

• you breathe more rapidly so you can both expel that CO2 and inhale more O2 to supply cells

• heart beats faster to transport oxygen quicker

Epiglottis

thing in the Larynx that closes trachea when you swallow