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name two case studies that used questionnaires
- bowles and gintis 'pupil personality' quiz
- chubb and moe 'examining american state education and its failures'
outline the research conducted by bowels and gintis that used questionnaires (+PETs)
pupils given a questionnaire to establish their personalities, then compared with their achievement to dicover the 'ideal pupil' traits needed for good grades.
P - access to school
E - permission from school and parents
T - large sample size (237 students)
outline the research conducted by chubb and moe which used questionnaires (+PETs)
examined american state education and its failures. questionnaires given to parents to examine perspectives on the failures of the system from first hand experience.
P - access to school
E - potentially invasive/sensitive
T - large sample size (60,000 students over 1,015 schools)
give three examples of studies using interviews
di bentley (1987), Willis' Learning to Labour (1977), Becker (1970)
outline the research conducted by di bentley which used interviews
Di Bentley (1987) showed interviewees a 'jokey' image of her and her daughter, and engaged in eye contact and a smiley expression during the interview - examined impacts of body language and the researcher effect
outline the research conducted by paul willis which used interviews
Paul Willis' Learning to Labour - Interviews conducted on working class boys in a school over a period of time to investigate the inevitability of working class people ending up in working class jobs.
outline the research by howard becker which used interviews
Howard Becker (1970) - Used a style of aggressive interview, in which participants' answers were frequently challenged. He claimed that it produced more valid data because it got 'closer to people's real opinions and feelings'. Believed he uncovered racist feelings among some teachers through use of this technique.
give four examples of studies using observation
Flanders (1970), James Patrick (1973), Mac an Ghaill (1988), Keddie (1971)
outline the research conducted by flanders which used observation
Flanders (1970) - Developed the Flanders system of Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC)
outline the research conducted by james patrick which used participant observation
Patrick (1973) used a covert role to study violent and delinquent teenage Glasgow gang over a period of four months between October 1966 and January 1967. During his time in the gang, he witnessed countless violent attacks and criminal acts.
outline the research conducted by mac an ghaill which used participant observation
Mac an Ghaill (1988) carried out two ethnographic
studies in inner-city educational institutions
where he worked. The first study looked at
the relations between white teachers and
two groups of male students with antischool values - the Asian Warriors and the
African Caribbean Rasta Heads - and the
second study looked at a group of black
female students, of African Caribbean and
Asian parentage, called the Black Sisters.
outline the research conducted by keddie which used non-participant observation
Keddie (1971) found that teachers do not distribute
knowledge evenly within the classroom but
are more likely to give high ability students
'High Status Knowledge' whilst lower ability
students are more likely to be given 'Low
Status Knowledge' - this information was
gathered through non-participant
observations of staff meetings and classes.
give two examples of research using lab experiments
Milgram (1963), Asch (1951)
outline the research conducted by milgram using lab experiments
milgram studied obedience to assigned roles by testing the levels of conformity when seemingly inflicting pain on another individual.
outline the research conducted by asch using lab experiments
asch examined conformity in the form of an experiment where participants were asked which line the one presented was the same length as. he used associates to observe the impact of mass action and conformity
give two examples of research using field experiements
Zimbardo (1971), UK DWP (2010)
outline the research conducted by zimbardo using a field experiment
zimbardo's standford prison experiment (1971) nvited volunteers to be prisoners and guards in the mock prison he created. he showed how easily people conform to the societal roles they are expected to play.
outline the research cinducted by the UK DWP using field experiments
The UKDWP conducted an experiment to figure out if employers are biased against vacancy candidates with ethnic minority names.
They sent applications for 987 real job vacancies under names commonly associated with ethnic minorities. They used three applicants: one used a 'white' name and the other two had names from different ethnic origins. The results were that ethnic minorities faced considerable name discrimination in the hiring process, despite applications being identical.
