dcush 7,8,9

Cane Ridge

A pivotal camp meeting held in Cane Ridge, Kentucky, from August 6-13, 1801, as the largest and most famous event of the Second Great Awakening.

Deism

A philosophical belief that emphasizes reason, observation of the natural world, and the idea that a creator exists who does not intervene in the universe.

Quasi War

An undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France that lasted from 1798 to 1800, characterized by a series of naval engagements in the Caribbean and the Atlantic.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin in 1793, a machine that revolutionized the cotton industry and greatly increased cotton production in the South.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law enacted by President Thomas Jefferson that prohibited American ships from trading with foreign nations, aiming to protect American interests.

Hartford Convention

A secret meeting of New England Federalists in 1814-15 to express concerns over the War of 1812 and federal power, proposing constitutional amendments.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Four Federalist laws passed in 1798 to suppress political opposition and manage national security during the Quasi-War with France.

Impressment

The practice of forcibly conscripting individuals, particularly foreign sailors, into a nation's military service, most notably the British navy.

James Madison

A Founding Father known as the 'Father of the Constitution' for his primary role in drafting the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.

Industrialism

The economic and social system centered on large-scale manufacturing, factory production, and technological advancements, shifting societies from agrarian economies to ones reliant on machines.

John Marshall

The fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835) who established the principle of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Strengthened federal power over states, promoted national unity and economic development, and transformed the Supreme Court into a co-equal branch of government through landmark decisions.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to examine the constitutionality of laws and government actions, enabling them to invalidate those that violate the Constitution.

Judith Sargent Murrary

An early American advocate for women's rights

essayist.

Louisiana Purchase

A 1803 transaction where the United States acquired 828,000 square miles of territory from France for $15 million, effectively doubling the size of the nation and setting the stage for westward expansion, agrarianism, and increased conflict with Native Americans.

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, giving the Court the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Mercy Otis Warren

A Patriot playwright, poet, and historian who used her writing to advocate for American independence, document revolutionary events, and oppose the U.S. Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights.

Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival in the U.S. from the late 18th to the mid-19th century that emphasized personal salvation and emotional religious experiences, leading to widespread social reforms like abolitionism and women's rights.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who organized a pan-Indian confederacy to resist American westward expansion, advocating for tribal unity to halt the loss of ancestral lands.

War of 1812

A conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain (1812-1815) caused by British impressment of American sailors, seizure of U.S. ships, and support for Native American resistance on the western frontier.

Washington Irving

An early 19th-century American author, known as the first American writer to gain international recognition, and a leader in establishing a distinct American literature through folk tales like 'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'.

William Henry Harrison

The 9th U.S. President, a Whig who served the shortest term in office (1841) before dying of pneumonia after only four weeks.

Tenskwatawa

'The Prophet,' was a charismatic Shawnee religious leader and brother to Tecumseh, who advocated for a pan-Indian confederacy to resist U.S. expansion.

Spiritual and cultural revival

Teachings urging Native American tribes to reject European goods and customs, return to traditional ways, and unite against the settlers.

John Wesley

Founder of the Methodist movement, emphasizing personal holiness, social justice, and the significance of small group meetings for spiritual development.

Robert Fulton

American engineer and inventor best known for developing the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, it was an agreement between the U.S. and Spain where Spain ceded Florida to the United States and, in return, the U.S. relinquished its claim to Texas.

American System

Henry Clay's early 19th-century economic plan to foster national economic growth and unity through protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal funding for internal improvements.

Henry Clay

A key 19th-century American statesman known as the 'Great Compromiser' for negotiating crucial compromises like the Missouri Compromise and championing the American System.

John Quincy Adams

The sixth President (1825-1829), a skilled diplomat and proponent of federal power through infrastructure and education initiatives, known for the controversial 'Corrupt Bargain' election of 1824.

Missouri Compromise

A legislative agreement that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power between slave and free states in the Senate.

Monroe Doctrine

A 1823 U.S. foreign policy statement warning European powers to stop colonizing or interfering with the newly independent nations of the Western Hemisphere.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

loyalty to a 'section'.

Tallmadge Amendment

A failed 1819 proposal by Representative James Tallmadge Jr. to restrict slavery's expansion into Missouri, which stipulated that no more enslaved people could be brought into the new state and mandated the gradual emancipation of existing enslaved people's children by the age of 25.

Bank War

The political struggle during Andrew Jackson's presidency (1830s) over the fate of the Second Bank of the United States (BUS)

led to the proliferation of state-chartered 'pet banks', contributing to a less regulated financial environment and subsequent economic instability.

Democrats

A political party in the United States that emerged from the Democratic-Republican Party in the early 19th century

envisioned an agrarian republic and aggressively supported westward expansion, often under the banner of Manifest Destiny.

Dorr Rebellion

A failed 1841-1842 rebellion in Rhode Island led by Thomas Dorr to force a new, more democratic constitution.

Nullification

A theory that a state has the right to void any federal law it deems unconstitutional, effectively invalidating it within the state's borders.

Indian Removal Act

Signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, authorized the president to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes east of the Mississippi River to exchange their ancestral lands for territories west of the river, ultimately leading to the forced displacement of thousands of Indigenous people, most famously during the Cherokee Trail of Tears.

Spoils System

A political practice where the winning political party awarded government jobs, contracts, and other benefits to its supporters and loyalists, often at the expense of merit or qualifications.

Trail of Tears

The forced, brutal relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole) from their ancestral homelands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) during the 1830s, a policy authorized by the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and primarily enacted during President Andrew Jackson's administration.

Webster-Hayne Debate

A famous argument in the U.S. Senate between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne concerning states' rights versus national power, which highlighted the sectional divisions over westward expansion and slavery.

Whigs

Members of the Whig Party (1834-1854), a political party formed to oppose Andrew Jackson's policies and 'executive tyranny'.