Morris, Biology for the AP Course 1e - Mod 7

surface area

The total area of the outside surface of an object.

vesicle

A small membrane-enclosed sac that transports substances within the cell.

endomembrane system

A cellular system present in eukaryotic cells that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the cell membrane, and the vesicles that move between them.

nuclear envelope

The two membranes, inner and outer, that define the boundary of the nucleus.

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

An organelle composed of a network of

membranes that is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.

enzyme

A protein that functions as a catalyst to accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle that modifies proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and acts as a sorting station

as they move to their final destinations.

lysosome

A vesicle derived from the Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that break down macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.

mitochondria (singular, mitochondrium)

Specialized organelles that are the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells, oxidizing chemical compounds such as sugars to carbon dioxide and transferring their chemical energy to ATP.

cellular respiration

A series of chemical reactions in which organic molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide, converting the energy

stored in organic molecules to ATP.

mitochondrial matrix

The space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

chloroplast

An organelle in photosynthetic eukaryotes that converts energy of sunlight into chemical energy by synthesizing simple sugars.

photosynthesis

The biochemical process in which the energy of sunlight is used to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

thylakoid

A flattened sac within the chloroplast that is bounded by membranes where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

grana (singular, granum)

Interlinked stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.

chlorophyll

The major photosynthetic pigment contained in the photosynthetic membranes; it plays a key role in the cell's ability to capture energy from sunlight.

cytoskeleton

An internal protein scaffold that helps cells to maintain their shape.

turgor pressure

Pressure within a cell resulting from the movement of water into the cell by osmosis.

vacuole

A membrane-bound organelle present in some cells, including plant and fungal cells, that contains fluid, ions, and other

molecules; in some cases, it absorbs water and contributes to turgor pressure.