cellular transport

Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelle that houses genetic material ($DNA$) and coordinates cellular activities such as growth and gene expression.

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for generating chemical energy through cellular respiration, producing most of the cell's $ATP$.

Ribosome

Structure composed of RNA and protein that serves as the site of protein synthesis within the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Membranous network divided into Rough ER (protein folding) and Smooth ER (lipid synthesis and detoxification).

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that receives, modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport or secretion.

Chloroplast

Plant cell organelle containing chlorophyll that captures light energy to produce glucose via photosynthesis.

Lysosome

Membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes used to break down waste, cellular debris, and foreign substances.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a cell membrane along their concentration gradient without requiring cellular energy ($ATP$).

Active Transport

Movement of substances across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring cellular energy ($ATP$).

Osmosis

Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive movement of specific molecules across a cell membrane with the aid of transmembrane channel or carrier proteins.

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell expels material into the extracellular space by fusing a membrane-bound vesicle with the plasma membrane.

endcytosis

Process by which a cell takes in materials from the extracellular environment by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle, requiring cellular energy (ATP)