Integrated Humanities Revision Notes Flashcards

Flashcards generated from Integrated Humanities revision notes for exam preparation.

Globalization

What is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments of different nations, resulting in the exchange of knowledge, transformation of the world, and cultural diffusion?

Barter

What is the exchange of goods and services for other goods and services without the use of money?

Tariffs

What are taxes on each product traded that are intended to protect domestic industries?

Quota

What is a trade barrier that limits the quantity allowed to be traded?

Sanction

What is a trade barrier forbidding certain import of good/service?

Subsidy

What is a financial aid given to locals as a trade barrier?

Free Trade Zone

What is a geographical area where goods may be landed, stored, handled, manufactured, or reconfigured, and re-exported under specific customs regulations and generally not subject to customs duty?

Bilateral Trade

What is trade between two parties?

Multilateral Trade

What is trade involving more than two parties?

Tied Aid

What is foreign aid that must be spent in the country providing the aid or in a group of selected countries?

Untied Aid

What is aid given to developing countries which can be used to purchase goods and services in virtually all countries?

Industrialization

What is the process of mechanization of production from artisanal labor/crafts to mass mechanized production due to increased technological development?

Economic Agent

What term describes any entity or being that can make a decision, manipulate, or change the economy?

Loyal Consumers

What is the term for consumers who stay loyal and promote favorite brands, representing 70% of sales?

Discount Consumers

What is the term for consumers with a tendency to visit favorite brands when discounts and deals are available?

Impulsive Consumers

What is the term for the vast majority of consumers, who buy based on emotions whenever and wherever?

Need-Based Consumers

What is the term for consumers who fulfill basic or artificial needs?

Capitalism

What is the ideology of maximizing profit through efficiency?

Consumerism

What describes the belief of creating a need to consume constantly?

Materialism

What is the emphasis on the importance of goods and services?

Land, Labor, Capital, Entrepreneurship

Name the four factors of production.

Bureaucracy

What type of government is a system in which most important decisions are made by state officials rather than elected representatives?

Deal

What term describes a promise to repay credit?

Credit

What is a settlement between two or more people involving liability and assets?

Reserve

What is the wealth of a country called?

Economy

What is an entire network of producers, distributors, and consumers of goods and services in a local, regional, or national community?

Market

What is the sum of total buyers and sellers in an area or region under consideration?

Over Consumption

What is the excessive demand and supply, and purchase of goods and services within a society?

Perceived Obsoletion

What occurs when a customer is convinced that they need an updated product, even though their existing product is working well?

Actual Obsoletion

What occurs when a customer actually requires an updated product because their existing product does not work up to par?

Demographic

What is statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it, including age, sex, education level, income level and other characteristics?

Socioeconomic

What relates to the interaction of social and economic factors?

Economic Growth

What is an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another?

Economic Development

What is the process where low-income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies?

Population Density

What is a measurement of population per unit area?

Birth Rate

What is the number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year?

Death Rate

What is the number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year?

Growth Rate

What describes the number of people added to (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration?

Natural Increase/Decrease

What is the demographic surplus (or deficit) of births in a population in a given time period?

Migration

What is the movement of people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, in a new location?

Refugee

What is the term for a displaced person who has been forced to cross national boundaries and who cannot return home safely?

Brain Drain

What term describes the emigration of a significant proportion of a country’s highly skilled, highly educated professional population?

Emigration

What is the number of emigrants departing an area of origin per 1,000 population in that area of origin in a given year?

Infant Mortality Rate

What is the number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year?

Immigration

What is the process of entering one country from another to take up permanent or semi-permanent residence?

Gross National Income (GNI)

What is the sum of value added by all residents producers plus any product taxes plus net receipts of primary income from abroad?

Cohort

What is a group of people sharing a common temporal demographic experience who are observed through time?

Age-Dependency Ratio

What describes the ratio of persons in the ages defined as dependent (less than 15 years and over 64 years) to persons in ages defined as economically productive (15-64 years) in a population?

Age-Sex Structure

What is the composition of a population as determined by the number or proportion of males and females in each age category?

Population Pyramid

What is a vertically arranged bar chart that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex?

Push-Pull Hypothesis

What migration theory states that circumstances at the place of origin push people out of that place to other places that exert a positive attraction or pull?

Least Developed, Less Developed, More Developed

What are the three categories of development for countries?

MENA Countries

What is an economically diverse region that includes both the oil-rich economies in the Gulf and countries that are resource-scarce in relation to the population?

Infectious Disease

What is a disease caused by an infectious agent such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi?

Infectious Period

What is the time period where a person who has a disease can spread it?

Case Fatality

What describes the proportion of people who die from a disease; how severe it is?

Basic Reproductive Rate

What is the average number of secondary cases that result from one infected individual?

Zoonotic Diseases

What term describes diseases trasmitted from animal to humans?

Emerging Infectious Diseases

What term describes infectious diseases that are spreading quickly for the first time?

Neglected Tropical Diseases

What is the term for infectious diseases that affect poorest countries and are often ignored?

Vector-Borne Diseases

What is the term for diseases transmitted from the bite of an infected animal/human, such as malaria or dengue?

Endemic

What term describes a disease that exists permanently in a particular region or population?

Epidemic

What term describes an outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities?

Pandemic

What is it called when an epidemic spreads throughout the world?

Colonialism

What is the practice of acquiring full/partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers and economically exploiting it?

Imperialism

What is a policy of extending a country’s power through colonization, use of military force or other means?

Power

What refers to the capacity or ability to direct or influence the behaviors of others or the course of events?

Balance of Power

What is a state of stability between competing forces, alliances formed to prevent any one entity from becoming too strong?

Mercantilism

What is a belief in the benefits of profitable trading?

Balance of Power

What is the posture and policy of a nation or group of nations protecting itself against another nation or group of nations by meeting its power against the power of the other side?

ZERO-SUM

What is a system of belief in which one side must lose the equal amount gained?

POSITIVE-SUM

What is a system of belief in which both sides can gain and trade?

Holy Roman Empire

What was a political entity in Western Europe from 800 AD to 1806 AD?

Social Protest

What is a form of political expression that seeks to bring about social or political change by influencing the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the public or policies of an organization or institution?

Internet Activism

What is the use of electronic communication technologies such as social media, e-mail, and podcasts for various forms of activism?

Human Rights

What are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language or any other status?

Arab Springs

What was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the Middle East in early 2011?

Settlement

In reference to settlements, what term describes a place where people live?

Conurbation/Metropolitan Area

What is a super-city consisting of multiple cities and towns, usually with a population of several million?

Site

What describes the actual piece of ground on which a settlement is built; the settlement’s exact location?

Situation

What refers to the location of the settlement in relation to surrounding areas?

Dispersed Settlements

What are settlements far apart from each other?

Linear Settlements

What are long and narrow settlements?

Nucleated Settlements

What are clustered settlements?

Functions of a Settlement

What are the activities that take place inside a settlement?

Absolute Poverty

What type of poverty measures poverty in relation to the amount of money necessary to meet basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter?

Relative Poverty

What type of poverty is in relation to the economic status of other members of society?

Revolution

What is a transformative event which attempts to change a nation, region, society, or sometimes the world?

Plutocracy

What occurs when a state or society is governed by the wealthy?

Autocracy

What is a system of governance by one person with absolute power?

Pink Tide

What is the current term for the turn towards left wing in Latin America for two decades?

War

What is a contention carried on by force of arms between sovereign states or communities having in this regard the right of states?

Peace

What is the absence of war and violence whilst having the ability to manage conflict constructively, as an important opportunity for change and increased understanding?

Primary Sector

What sector of the economy includes extraction/growing of raw material?

Secondary Sector

What sector of the economy includes Manufacturing and processing?

Tertiary Sector

What sector of the economy includes extraction/growing of raw material?

Quaternary Sector

What sector of the economy includes Knowledge based industries?

Quinary Sector

What sector of the economy includes Government?

Hydroelectric Power

What kind of energy is made by water used to power a turbine?

Solar Power

What kind of energy is made by solar panels that use photovoltaic cells to capture the sun’s energy and change it into electrical energy?