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Research
A systematic inquiry process involving collecting data, documenting critical information, and using specific methods to improve knowledge and quality.
Persuasion
The act of using appeals to reason, values, beliefs, and emotions to convince others.
Logos
The use of reasons, facts, and statistics in persuasion.
Pathos
The use of emotion in persuasion.
Ethos
The use of authority in persuasion.
Repetition
The act of repeating to emphasize a point in persuasion.
Opinion
A personal viewpoint used in persuasion.
Hyperbole/Exaggeration
The act of exaggerating in persuasion.
Personal Pronouns
The use of pronouns like "you" to create unity with the audience in persuasion.
Imperative Command
Instructional language used in persuasion.
Rule of Three
The use of three adjectives or ideas in persuasion.
Emotive Language
Language used to evoke specific emotions in persuasion.
Facts and Statistics
Factual data used in a persuasive way.
Rhetorical Question
A question that implies its own answer in persuasion.
Alliteration
The repetition of first letters in persuasion.
Anecdotes
Short personal stories used in persuasion.
Advocacy
A set of actions aimed at drawing attention to an issue and directing policy makers towards a solution.
Defining an Issue
The first step in advocacy, which involves clearly identifying the problem to be addressed.
Planning
The second step in advocacy, which involves creating a strategic plan to address the issue.
Community Mobilizing
The third step in advocacy, which involves engaging the community to take action on the issue.
Messaging
The fourth step in advocacy, which involves developing persuasive communication to convey the issue and desired change.
Campaign
A series of ads or actions revolving around a single idea in advocacy.
Awareness Raising
The dimension of a campaign that aims to make the problem known to the general public.
Research
The dimension of a campaign that provides necessary knowledge for action and involves multiple stakeholders.
Social Mobilization
The dimension of a campaign that involves grassroots-based social movements and various groups to create change.
Training
The dimension of a campaign that focuses on specific targets and deepens understanding of the issue.
Lobbying
The dimension of a campaign that aims to influence decisions made by government officials.
Expository Writing
Writing that explains, informs, clarifies, defines, and instructs.
Characteristics of Expository Writing
Focus on a main topic, logical supporting facts, details, explanation, examples, strong organization, clarity, unity, coherence, logical order, and smooth transitions.
Expository Essay Format
Introduction, body paragraphs (1, 2, 3), and conclusion.
Introduction
The first paragraph of an expository essay that introduces the topic, creates interest, and outlines main ideas.
Body Paragraphs
Paragraphs in an expository essay that explain the thesis statement and provide supporting evidence.
Topic Sentence
The controlling idea of a body paragraph.
Supporting Sentences
Sentences that explain and develop the topic sentence in a body paragraph.
Concluding Sentence
The final sentence of a body paragraph that wraps up the ideas.
Conclusion
The final paragraph of an expository essay that reviews main ideas, restates the thesis statement, summarizes main ideas, and provides a final thought.
Thesis Statement
The most important sentence in an essay that discusses the topic and indicates the main idea.
Subtopics
Supporting ideas that relate to the thesis statement in an essay.
Transitions
Words or phrases that connect ideas and provide coherence in an essay.
Evidence and Examples
The meat of an essay that proves knowledge through examples, explanations, evidence, and elaboration.
Assertion
The main point of an argument.
Reasoning
The "because" part of an argument that supports the assertion.
Evidence
Supporting information that backs up the reasoning in an argument.
Claims of Fact
Arguments that debate whether an issue is true or false.
Claims of Value
Arguments that assert the moral and ethical merit of a certain claim or belief.
Claims of Policy
Arguments that propose what should be done or what actions should be taken.