English Long Test

Research

A systematic inquiry process involving collecting data, documenting critical information, and using specific methods to improve knowledge and quality.

Persuasion

The act of using appeals to reason, values, beliefs, and emotions to convince others.

Logos

The use of reasons, facts, and statistics in persuasion.

Pathos

The use of emotion in persuasion.

Ethos

The use of authority in persuasion.

Repetition

The act of repeating to emphasize a point in persuasion.

Opinion

A personal viewpoint used in persuasion.

Hyperbole/Exaggeration

The act of exaggerating in persuasion.

Personal Pronouns

The use of pronouns like "you" to create unity with the audience in persuasion.

Imperative Command

Instructional language used in persuasion.

Rule of Three

The use of three adjectives or ideas in persuasion.

Emotive Language

Language used to evoke specific emotions in persuasion.

Facts and Statistics

Factual data used in a persuasive way.

Rhetorical Question

A question that implies its own answer in persuasion.

Alliteration

The repetition of first letters in persuasion.

Anecdotes

Short personal stories used in persuasion.

Advocacy

A set of actions aimed at drawing attention to an issue and directing policy makers towards a solution.

Defining an Issue

The first step in advocacy, which involves clearly identifying the problem to be addressed.

Planning

The second step in advocacy, which involves creating a strategic plan to address the issue.

Community Mobilizing

The third step in advocacy, which involves engaging the community to take action on the issue.

Messaging

The fourth step in advocacy, which involves developing persuasive communication to convey the issue and desired change.

Campaign

A series of ads or actions revolving around a single idea in advocacy.

Awareness Raising

The dimension of a campaign that aims to make the problem known to the general public.

Research

The dimension of a campaign that provides necessary knowledge for action and involves multiple stakeholders.

Social Mobilization

The dimension of a campaign that involves grassroots-based social movements and various groups to create change.

Training

The dimension of a campaign that focuses on specific targets and deepens understanding of the issue.

Lobbying

The dimension of a campaign that aims to influence decisions made by government officials.

Expository Writing

Writing that explains, informs, clarifies, defines, and instructs.

Characteristics of Expository Writing

Focus on a main topic, logical supporting facts, details, explanation, examples, strong organization, clarity, unity, coherence, logical order, and smooth transitions.

Expository Essay Format

Introduction, body paragraphs (1, 2, 3), and conclusion.

Introduction

The first paragraph of an expository essay that introduces the topic, creates interest, and outlines main ideas.

Body Paragraphs

Paragraphs in an expository essay that explain the thesis statement and provide supporting evidence.

Topic Sentence

The controlling idea of a body paragraph.

Supporting Sentences

Sentences that explain and develop the topic sentence in a body paragraph.

Concluding Sentence

The final sentence of a body paragraph that wraps up the ideas.

Conclusion

The final paragraph of an expository essay that reviews main ideas, restates the thesis statement, summarizes main ideas, and provides a final thought.

Thesis Statement

The most important sentence in an essay that discusses the topic and indicates the main idea.

Subtopics

Supporting ideas that relate to the thesis statement in an essay.

Transitions

Words or phrases that connect ideas and provide coherence in an essay.

Evidence and Examples

The meat of an essay that proves knowledge through examples, explanations, evidence, and elaboration.

Assertion

The main point of an argument.

Reasoning

The "because" part of an argument that supports the assertion.

Evidence

Supporting information that backs up the reasoning in an argument.

Claims of Fact

Arguments that debate whether an issue is true or false.

Claims of Value

Arguments that assert the moral and ethical merit of a certain claim or belief.

Claims of Policy

Arguments that propose what should be done or what actions should be taken.