APUSH period 4 vocab

Revolution of 1800

Definition: The presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent John Adams.

Historical Significance: Marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in U.S. history.

Louisiana Purchase

the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million
- doubled the size of the US

judicial review

the power of the Supreme Court to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was allowed by the Constitution
- allowed the judiciary branch to check the other two branches

McCullogh v. Maryland

1819 supreme court case that ruled that the states could NOT tax the federal government
- ruled in favor of the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden

the Court ruled that Congress has the power to regulate commerce and that federal law takes precedence over state laws
- established Congressional power

Embargo Act of 1807

prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port
- brought an economic depression to the US

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Definition: A U.S. law that replaced the Embargo Act, lifting trade restrictions except with Britain and France.

Historical Significance: Attempted to reduce economic hardship in the U.S. while maintaining pressure on Britain and France.

Battle of Tippecanoe

General William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh and his efforts to unite the Natives
- stopped Native resistance to expansion

war hawks

new Democratic-Republicans who were eager for war with Britain
- pressured Madison to declare war against Britain

War of 1812

a war fought between Britain and the US over the issues of trade and impressment
- the US gained respect in the eyes of the Europeans

Treaty of Ghent

Definition: The treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain.

Historical Significance: Restored pre-war boundaries and marked the beginning of improved U.S.-British relations.

Hartford Convention

meeting by Federalists dissatisfied with the war to draft a new Constitution
- resulted in seemingly traitorous Federalist party's collapse

Monroe Doctrine

Definition: A U.S. policy opposing European colonization in the Americas, declared in 1823.

Historical Significance: Became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere.

Era of Good Feelings

time during Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity
- the Federalist party collapsed

Protective Tariff

Definition: A tax on imported goods designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Historical Significance: Played a significant role in American economic policy during the 19th century.

American system

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry
- helped America become an economic power

Panic of 1819

severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the effort of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation of Western lands
- first financial crisis in the US

Missouri Compromise

Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine was admitted as a free state, and slavery was outlawed above the 36th parallel
- maintained the balance between free and slave states

Erie Canal

Definition: A canal completed in 1825 that connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.

Historical Significance: Revolutionized transportation and commerce, contributing to economic growth in New York and the Midwest.

Robert Fulton

a colonial American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat
- revolutionized the way Americans shipped goods and traveled

interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces
- manufactured goods could be quickly assembled by unskilled workers

Lowell system

a system in which factory girls lived in dormitories within the factory and were cared for and fed there
- introduced the modern factory to the US

Industrial Revolution

a period marked by rapid industrialization and economic changes
- shifted from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy

universal male suffrage

all white men could vote, regardless of property and class
- did not allow for males of color nor women to vote

King Caucus

Definition: Informal meetings of congressional members to select presidential candidates.

Historical Significance: An early method of candidate selection before the rise of national conventions.

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters
- exemplified by Andrew Jackson

Corrupt Bargain

the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the Election of 1824 that stole the election from Andrew Jackson
- John Quincy Adams was named president and Henry Clay was named Secretary of State

Tariff of Abominations

tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South
- caused sectionalism to increase

Peggy Eaton Affair

a social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member's wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton
- effectively dissolved Jackson's cabinet

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River
- pushed the Natives even further out of their homes

Worchester v. Georgia

ruled that states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land
- protected Natives

Trail of Tears

the forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma
- approximately 4,000 Cherokees died

Nullification Crisis

a movement in which South Carolina attempted to nullify the Tariff of 1828
- almost led to civil war

Democrats

Definition: A political party advocating for states' rights and limited federal government.

Historical Significance: Key figures included Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, shaping U.S. politics in the 19th century.

Whigs

Definition: A political party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson's policies.

Historical Significance: Supported a strong federal government, industrial development, and infrastructure improvements.

Transcendalists

Definition: A philosophical and literary movement emphasizing individual intuition and connection to nature.

Historical Significance: Influenced American literature and philosophy, with key figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Utopia

Definition: An ideal society with perfect social, legal, and political systems.

Historical Significance: Various utopian communities were established in the U.S. during the 19th century, reflecting social reform efforts.

Second Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s
- Baptist and Methodist denominations increased

Joseph Smith

Definition: Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism).

Historical Significance: His teachings and leadership significantly shaped American religious landscape.

Antebellum Period

Definition: The period before the American Civil War.

Historical Significance: Marked by economic growth, westward expansion, and increasing sectional tensions over slavery.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Definition: A social reform organization advocating for temperance and women's rights.

Historical Significance: Played a key role in the temperance movement and the push for women's suffrage.

Dorthea Dix

Definition: A reformer who advocated for the humane treatment of the mentally ill.

Historical Significance: Led to the establishment of mental asylums and improved care standards in the mid-19th century.

Seneca Falls Convention

Definition: The first women's rights convention held in 1848.

Historical Significance: Marked the beginning of the women's suffrage movement in the United States.

William Lloyd Garrison

Definition: Abolitionist who founded the anti-slavery newspaper "The Liberator".

Historical Significance: Co-founded the American Anti-Slavery Society and was a key figure in the abolitionist movement.

Frederick Douglass

Definition: Former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and orator.

Historical Significance: His works and speeches were instrumental in the fight against slavery.

Nat Turner

Definition: An enslaved man who led a rebellion in Virginia in 1831.

Historical Significance: His revolt intensified the national debate over slavery and led to stricter slave laws.

Slave Codes

Definition: Laws defining the status of enslaved people and the rights of slave owners.

Historical Significance: Restricted the freedoms of enslaved people and maintained control over them.

Aristocracy

Definition: A privileged class holding hereditary titles and high social status.

Historical Significance: Influence declined in the U.S. after the Revolution, reflecting democratic values.

Hillbillies

Definition: Term used to describe rural, mountain-dwelling white people, particularly in Appalachia.

Historical Significance: The term has both cultural and derogatory connotations.

Code of Chivalry

Definition: Social code associated with Southern gentlemen emphasizing honor, bravery, and respect for women.

Historical Significance: Influenced the social and cultural norms of the antebellum South.