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What is the Norm of Reciprocity?
Is when someone does something nice for you, so you feel like you should do something nice for them in return.
What Makes a Good Theory in the Scientific Method?
An explanation of why something happens
Something testable and falsifiable (meaning it could be wrong)
Something that leads to multiple predictions
What is a Research Question?
A question that is attempted to be answered that connects to an existing idea or concept that helps explain why something happens.
What is a Variable?
Anything that changes
we aim to figure out the changes through the project
What is an Independent Variable?
A variable that is changed or controlled and believed to influence the outcome
What is a Dependent Variable?
Variable that is measured, thought to be influenced by the independent variable
What is a Conceptual Variable?
idea or concept that researchers want to study, like "happiness" or "stress." It's something you can't directly measure
What is Operational Definition?
A clear and specific explanation of how a concept or variable will be measured or observed in a study
What is a Confound?
A external factor (variable) that affects both the independent variable and the dependent variable
Ex: For example, if you're studying how sleep (IV) affects test performance (DV), a confound could be caffeine intake.
What is a Hypothesis?
A clear and specific prediction about the variables in a study.
Ex: "Increased sleep (IV) will improve test scores (DV) in college students." This specifies the variables (sleep and test scores) and predicts how they are related.
What is a Null Hypothesis?
A statement that there is no effect or relationship between the variables being studied. It suggests that any observed changes are due to chance.
Ex: Sleep does not affect test scores.
What is Reliability?
Consistent Measurements over time
Ex: if i step on a scale i expect the same result every time
What is Validity?
Accurate measurements
What is Construct Validity?
Making sure youre measuring the right thing
Ex: If you are measuring stress and give out a questionary you want to make sure its about stress and not anxiety.
What is Internal Validity?
making sure that the results of a study are really due to the thing you're testing, and not other outside factors.
Ex: if you are doing a study if music helps remembering you want that to be the study and not have one group more tired than the other, so you want to control these confounds.
What is External Validity?
Making sure the study relates to the general population
